Digitale Märkte und Öffentlichkeiten auf Plattformen
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- ItemAlgorithmically Curated Lies: How Search Engines Handle Misinformation about US Biolabs in Ukraine(2024) Kuznetsova, Elizaveta; Makhortykh, Mykola; Sydorova, Maryna; Urman, Aleksandra; Vitulano, Ilaria; Stolze, MarthaThe growing volume of online content prompts the need for adopting algorithmic systems of information curation. These systems range from web search engines to recommender systems and are integral for helping users stay informed about important societal developments. However, unlike journalistic editing the algorithmic information curation systems (AICSs) are known to be subject to different forms of malperformance which make them vulnerable to possible manipulation. The risk of manipulation is particularly prominent in the case when AICSs have to deal with information about false claims that underpin propaganda campaigns of authoritarian regimes. Using as a case study of the Russian disinformation campaign concerning the US biolabs in Ukraine, we investigate how one of the most commonly used forms of AICSs - i.e. web search engines - curate misinformation-related content. For this aim, we conduct virtual agent-based algorithm audits of Google, Bing, and Yandex search outputs in June 2022. Our findings highlight the troubling performance of search engines. Even though some search engines, like Google, were less likely to return misinformation results, across all languages and locations, the three search engines still mentioned or promoted a considerable share of false content (33% on Google; 44% on Bing, and 70% on Yandex). We also find significant disparities in misinformation exposure based on the language of search, with all search engines presenting a higher number of false stories in Russian. Location matters as well with users from Germany being more likely to be exposed to search results promoting false information. These observations stress the possibility of AICSs being vulnerable to manipulation, in particular in the case of the unfolding propaganda campaigns, and underline the importance of monitoring performance of these systems to prevent it.
- ItemAre Campaigns Getting Uglier, and Who Is to Blame? Negativity, Dramatization and Populism on Facebook in the 2014 and 2019 EP Election Campaigns(2023) Klinger, Ulrike; Koc-Michalska, Karolina; Rußmann, Uta
- ItemBlame It on the Algorithm? Russian Government-Sponsored Media and Algorithmic Curation of Political Information on Facebook(2023) Kuznetsova, Elizaveta; Makhortykh, MykolaPrevious research highlighted how algorithms on social media platforms can be abused to disseminate disinformation. However, less work has been devoted to understanding the interplay between Facebook news curation mechanisms and propaganda content. To address this gap, we analyze the activities of RT (formerly, Russia Today) on Facebook during the 2020 U.S. presidential election. We use agent-based algorithmic auditing and frame analysis to examine what content RT published on Facebook and how it was algorithmically curated in Facebook News Feeds and Search Results. We find that RT’s strategic framing included the promotion of anti-Biden leaning content, with an emphasis on antiestablishment narratives. However, due to algorithmic factors on Facebook, individual agents were exposed to eclectic RT content without an overarching narrative. Our findings contribute to the debate on computational propaganda by highlighting the ambiguous relationship between government-sponsored media and Facebook algorithmic curation, which may decrease the exposure of users to propaganda and at the same time increase confusion.
- ItemBlame It on the Algorithm? Russian Government-Sponsored Media and Algorithmic Curation of Political Information on Facebook(2023) Kuznetsova, Elizaveta; Makhortykh, MykolaPrevious research highlighted how algorithms on social media platforms can be abused to disseminate disinformation. However, less work has been devoted to understanding the interplay between Facebook news curation mechanisms and propaganda content. To address this gap, we analyze the activities of RT (formerly, Russia Today) on Facebook during the 2020 U.S. presidential election. We use agent-based algorithmic auditing and frame analysis to examine what content RT published on Facebook and how it was algorithmically curated in Facebook News Feeds and Search Results. We find that RT’s strategic framing included the promotion of anti-Biden leaning content, with an emphasis on antiestablishment narratives. However, due to algorithmic factors on Facebook, individual agents were exposed to eclectic RT content without an overarching narrative. Our findings contribute to the debate on computational propaganda by highlighting the ambiguous relationship between government-sponsored media and Facebook algorithmic curation, which may decrease the exposure of users to propaganda and at the same time increase confusion.
- ItemCan Fighting Misinformation Have a Negative Spillover Effect? How Warnings for the Threat of Misinformation Can Decrease General News Credibility(2023) Van Der Meer, Toni G. L. A.; Hameleers, Michael; Ohme, Jakob
- ItemCascades or salmons? Longitudinal upstream and downstream effects of political participation(2024) Ohme, Jakob; Azrout, Rachid; Moeller, JudithDigitally networked and new, unconventional activities allow citizens to participate politically in activities that are low in the effort and risks they bear. At the same time, low-effort types of participation are more loosely connected to democratic political systems, thereby challenging established modes of political decision-making. This can set in motion two competing dynamics: While some citizens move closer to the political system in their activities (upstream effects), others engage in political activities more distant from it (downstream effects). This study investigates non-electoral participation trajectories and tests intra-individual change in political participation types over time, exploring whether such dynamics depend on citizens’ exposure to political information. Utilizing a three-wave panel survey (n = 3490) and random intercept cross-lagged panel models with SEM, we find more evidence for downstream effects but detect overall diverse participation trajectories over time and a potentially crucial role of elections for non-electoral participation trajectories.
- ItemChatting about the unaccepted: Self-disclosure of unaccepted news exposure behaviour to a chatbot(2023) Ischen, Carolin; Butler, Janice; Ohme, JakobConversational technologies such as chatbots have shown to be promising in eliciting self-disclosure in several contexts. Implementing such a technology that fosters self-disclosure can help to assess sensitive topics such as behaviours that are perceived as unaccepted by others, i.e. the exposure to unaccepted (alternative) news sources. This study tests whether a conversational (chatbot) format, compared to a traditional web-based survey, can enhance self-disclosure in the political news context by implementing a two-week longitudinal, experimental research design (n = 193). Results show that users disclose unaccepted news exposure significantly more often to a chatbot, compared to a traditional web-based survey, providing evidence for a chatbots’ ability to foster the disclosure of sensitive behaviours. Unlike our hypotheses, our study also shows that social presence, intimacy, and enjoyment cannot explain self-disclosure in this context, and that self-disclosure generally decreases over time.
- ItemConditions of Campaigning in Dissonant Public Spheres and Crisis of Democracy(2023) Pfetsch, Barbara
- ItemConditions of Campaigning in Dissonant Public Spheres and Crisis of Democracy(2023) Pfetsch, BarbaraPolitical campaigns have always been closely related to the technical conditions of media infrastructures, the social conditions of voters, and the political opportunities within which parties and movements compete. As campaigning has developed through the four ages of political communication (Blumler, Citation2015; Norris, Citation2002), it is now shaped by the affordances of digital platforms and networked communication ecologies in addition to legacy media infrastructures. In the environment of hybrid media systems (Chadwick, Citation2013), campaigning has also become hybrid – a task divided between the use of conventional information subsidies and the dynamics of social media and digital platforms (Azari, Citation2016; Wells et al., Citation2016). What is more, contemporary political communications and voter mobilization are taking place under two significant context conditions: dissonant public spheres (Pfetsch, Citation2018) are coinciding with a profound crisis of liberal democracy (Bennett & Livingston, Citation2018). The communication ecology and the state of democracy have produced a style of campaigning that is no longer geared toward a consensus among the established political elites and parties to engage in civilized speech, to conduct fair competition, and to stay within the limits and norms of democracy. In this essay, I shall discuss some of the features and consequences of these contextual conditions. I shall further argue that the coincidence of disrupted democracy and dissonant public spheres is related to profound structural changes in the party organization, campaigning and political leadership.
- ItemCOVID-19 and the Internet: Lessons Learned(Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023) Stocker, Volker; Lehr, William; Smaragdakis, Georgios; Whalley, Jason; Stocker, Volker; Lehr, WilliamThe COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the ‘real’ world and substantially impacted the virtual world and thus the Internet ecosystem. It has caused a significant exogenous shock that offers a wealth of natural experiments and produced new data about broadband, clouds, and the Internet in times of crisis. In this chapter, we characterise and evaluate the evolving impact of the global COVID-19 crisis on traffic patterns and loads and the impact of those on Internet performance from multiple perspectives. While we place a particular focus on deriving insights into how we can better respond to crises and better plan for the post-COVID-19 ‘new nor- mal’, we analyse the impact on and the responses by different actors of the Internet ecosystem across different jurisdictions. With a focus on the USA and Europe, we examine the responses of both public and private actors, with the latter including content and cloud providers, content delivery networks, and Internet service providers (ISPs). This chapter makes two contributions: first, we derive lessons learned for a future post- COVID-19 world to inform non-networking spheres and policy-making; second, the insights gained assist the networking community in better planning for the future.
- ItemCrisis Communication on Twitter: Differences Between User Types in Top Tweets About the 2015 “Refugee Crisis” in Germany(2023) Kapidzic, Sanja; Frey, Felix; Neuberger, Christoph; Stieglitz, Stefan; Mirbabaie, Milad
- ItemCrisis Communication on Twitter: Differences Between User Types in Top Tweets About the 2015 “Refugee Crisis” in Germany(2023) Kapidzic, Sanja; Frey, Felix; Neuberger, Christoph; Stieglitz, Stefan; Mirbabaie, MiladThe study explores differences between three user types in the top tweets about the 2015 “refugee crisis” in Germany and presents the results of a quantitative content analysis. All tweets with the keyword “Flüchtlinge” posted for a monthlong period following September 13, 2015, the day Germany decided to implement border controls, were collected (N = 763,752). The top 2,495 tweets according to number of retweets were selected for analysis. Differences between news media, public and private actor tweets in topics, tweet characteristics such as tone and opinion expression, links, and specific sentiments toward refugees were analyzed. We found strong differences between the tweets. Public actor tweets were the main source of positive sentiment toward refugees and the main information source on refugee support. News media tweets mostly reflected traditional journalistic norms of impartiality and objectivity, whereas private actor tweets were more diverse in sentiments toward refugees.
- ItemDatafication Markers: Curation and User Network Effects on Mobilization and Polarization During Elections(2023) Gagrčin, Emilija; Ohme, Jakob; Buttgereit, Lina; Grünewald, FelixSocial media platforms are crucial sources of political information during election campaigns, with datafication processes underlying the algorithmic curation of newsfeeds. Recognizing the role of individuals in shaping datafication processes and leveraging the metaphor of news attraction, we study the impact of user curation and networks on mobilization and polarization. In a two-wave online panel survey (n = 943) conducted during the 2021 German federal elections, we investigate the influence of self-reported user decisions, such as following politicians, curating their newsfeed, and being part of politically interested networks, on changes in five democratic key variables: vote choice certainty, campaign participation, turnout, issue reinforcement, and affective polarization. Our findings indicate a mobilizing rather than polarizing effect of algorithmic election news exposure and highlight the relevance of users’ political networks on algorithmic platforms.
- ItemDelegated Regulation on Data Access Provided for the Digital Services Act(Weizenbaum Institute, 2023) Klinger, Ulrike; Ohme, JakobResponse to the Call for Evidence DG CNECT-CNECT F2 by the European Commission
- ItemDie Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur – eine Lösung infrastruktureller Bedarfe für die Inhaltsanalyse?(2023) Heft, Annett; Jünger, Jakob; Niemann-Lenz, Julia; Possler, DanielObwohl die Inhaltsanalyse eine zentrale Stellung in der Kommunikations- und Medienforschung besitzt, existieren kaum Forschungsinfrastrukturen für diese Methode. Gleichzeitig werden in Deutschland seit 2018 große Dateninfrastrukturen in den 27 Konsortien der Nationalen Forschungsdateninfrastruktur (NFDI) aufgebaut. In diesem Beitrag gehen wir aus Perspektive der Forschenden der Frage nach, inwiefern die NFDI-Konsortien Lösungen für die infrastrukturellen Anforderungen in Bezug auf Inhaltsanalysen bieten. Zunächst beleuchten wir diese Anforderungen entlang des Forschungsdaten-Lebenszyklus und identifizieren Leerstellen. Dann explorieren wir, welche Bedarfe die NFDI-Konsortien decken können. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Konsortien, die sich auf die Sammlung und Aufbereitung von Text oder multimodalen Daten konzentrieren: KonsortSWD, BERD@NFDI, Text+, NFDI4Memory, NFDI4Culture und NFDI4DataScience. Unsere Untersuchung zeigt, dass die Konsortien bereits viele der Bedarfe abdecken. Allerdings gibt es weder ein Konsortium, in dem Kommunikationswissenschaftler:innen treibende Kräfte sind, noch wird die Inhaltsanalyse explizit berücksichtigt. Wir diskutieren, wie sich Forschungsinfrastrukturen für die Inhaltsanalyse durch die NFDI-Strukturen weiterentwickeln ließen. , Abstract Content analysis has a central position in media and communication research, yet research infrastructures for the method are still scarce. At the same time, the 27 consortia of the National Research Data Infrastructure (NFDI) have started to establish large data infrastructures in Germany since 2018. In this paper, we explore from the perspective of researchers whether the NFDI consortia provide solutions to the infrastructural needs of content analysis. First, we illustrate these needs throughout the research data lifecycle and identify shortcomings. We then explore whether the NFDI consortia can meet these needs. The focus lies on consortia that concentrate on the collection and processing of text or multimodal data: KonsortSWD, BERD@NFDI, Text+, NFDI4Memory, NFDI4Culture, and NFDI4DataScience . Our exploration shows that many of the needs are already being addressed by the consortia. However, there is no consortium in which communication scholars are the driving force and content analysis does not receive explicit consideration. We discuss how research infrastructures for content analysis can be further developed through the NFDI structures.
- ItemDigital Trace Data Collection for Social Media Effects Research: APIs, Data Donation, and (Screen) Tracking(2023) Ohme, Jakob; Araujo, Theo; Boeschoten, Laura; Freelon, Deen; Ram, Nilam; Reeves, Byron B.; Robinson, Thomas N.
- ItemDigitale Öffentlichkeit und liberale Demokratie(Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2022) Neuberger, Christoph; Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung
- ItemDigitale Öffentlichkeit und liberale Demokratie(2022) Neuberger, Christoph
- ItemExtracting the interdisciplinary specialty structures in social media data-based research: A clustering-based network approach(2022) Fan, Yangliu; Lehmann, Sune; Blok, AndersAs science is becoming more interdisciplinary and potentially more data driven over time, it is important to investigate the changing specialty structures and the emerging intellectual patterns of research fields and domains. By employing a clustering-based network approach, we map the contours of a novel interdisciplinary domain – research using social media data – and analyze how the specialty structures and intellectual contributions are organized and evolve. We construct and validate a large-scale (N = 12,732) dataset of research papers using social media data from the Web of Science (WoS) database, complementing it with citation relationships from the Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG) database. We conduct cluster analyses in three types of citation-based empirical networks and compare the observed features with those generated by null network models. Overall, we find three core thematic research subfields – interdisciplinary socio-cultural sciences, health sciences, and geo-informatics – that designate the main epicenter of research interests recognized by this domain itself. Nevertheless, at the global topological level of all networks, we observe an increasingly interdisciplinary trend over the years, fueled by publications not only from core fields such as communication and computer science, but also from a wide variety of fields in the social sciences, natural sciences, and technology. Our results characterize the specialty structures of this domain at a time of growing emphasis on big social data, and we discuss the implications for indicating interdisciplinarity.
- ItemGute Wissenschaftskommunikation in der digitalen Welt. Politische, ökonomische, technische und regulatorische Rahmenbedingungen ihrer Qualitätssicherung(Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2022) Weingart, Peter; Wormer, Holger; Schildhauer, Thomas; Fähnrich, Birte; Jarren, Otfried; Neuberger, Christoph; Passoth, Jan-Hendrik; Wagner, Gert G.Die Interdisziplinäre Arbeitsgruppe „Implikationen der Digitalisierung für die Qualität der Wissenschaftskommunikation“ der BBAW hat von 2018 bis 2021 untersucht, wie sich die Qualität der Wissenschaftskommunikation unter den Bedingungen der Digitalisierung verändert und welche Herausforderungen sich aus den Veränderungen für die aufgeklärte Meinungsbildung in der Demokratie ergeben. Im vorliegenden Heft erfolgt eine Beschreibung und Analyse der Kontextfaktoren von Wissenschaftskommunikation in der digitalen Medienumwelt, der damit verbundenen wissenschaftspolitischen Veränderungen, von medienökonomischen Faktoren für die Qualitätssicherung der Wissenschaftskommunikation und der soziotechnischen Veränderungen. Es werden zudem die Herausforderungen bei der Regulierung von Plattformen zur Qualitätssicherung von Wissenschaftskommunikation skizziert und Empfehlungen für Akteur:innen des Wissenschaftssystems sowie Gesetzgeber und Regulierer formuliert.
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