Digitale Infrastrukturen in der Demokratie

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Algorithmen als Rationalitätsmythos
(FernUniversität in Hagen, 2020) Keiner, Alexandra; Leineweber, Christian; de Witt, Claudia
Algorithmen gelten derzeit als die Antwort auf eine Vielzahl gesellschaftlicher Probleme. Von der Bekämpfung des Klimawandels über die Vorbeugung von Armut und Kriminalität bis hin zur Früherkennung von Krebs – Algorithmen scheinen eine Universallösung zu sein. Mit dem neo-institutionalistischen Konzept rationalisierter Mythen wird in diesem Beitrag versucht, für diese solutionistische Faszination eine Erklärung zu liefern.
Don’t Shoot the Message: Regulating Disinformation Beyond Content
(2021) Iglesias Keller, Clara
This paper approaches regulatory strategies against disinformation with two main goals: (i) exploring the policies recently implemented in different legal contexts to provide insight into both the risks they pose to free speech and their potential to address the rationales that motivated them, and (ii) to do so by bridging policy debates and recent social and communications studies findings on disinformation. An interdisciplinary theoretical framework informs both the paper’s scope (anchored on understandings of regulatory strategies and of disinformation) and the analysis of the legitimate motivations for states to establish statutory regulation that aims at disinformation. Departing from this analysis, I suggest an organisation of recently implemented and proposed policies into three groups based on their regulatory target: content, data, and structure. Combining the analysis of these three types of policies with the theoretical framework, I will argue that, in the realm of statutory regulation that aims at disinformation. Departing from this analysis, I suggest an organisation of recently implemented and proposed policies into three groups based on their regulatory target: content, data, and structure. Combining the analysis of these three types of policies with the theoretical framework, I will argue that, in the realm of statutory regulation, state action is better off targeted at data or structure, as aiming at content represents disproportional risks to freedom of expression. Furthermore, content targeted regulation shows little potential to address the structural transformations on the public sphere of communications that, among other factors, influence current practices of production and spread of disinformation.
Understanding internet censorship in europe: The case of spain
(Association for Computing Machinery, 2021) Ververis, Vasilis; Ermakova, Tatiana; Isaakidis, Marios; Basso, Simone; Fabian, Benjamin; Milan, Stefania
European Union (EU) member states consider themselves bulwarks of democracy and freedom of speech. However, there is a lack of empirical studies assessing possible violations of these principles in the EU through Internet censorship. This work starts addressing this research gap by investigating Internet censorship in Spain over 2016-2020, including the controversial 2017 Catalan independence referendum. We focus, in particular, on network interference disrupting the regular operation of Internet services or contents. We analyzed the data collected by the Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) network measurement tool. The measurements targeted civil rights defending websites, secure communication tools, extremist political content, and information portals for the Catalan referendum. Our analysis indicates the existence of advanced network interference techniques that grow in sophistication over time. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) initially introduced information controls for a clearly defined legal scope (i.e., copyright infringement). Our research observed that such information controls had been rpurposed (e.g., to target websites supporting the referendum). We present evidence of network interference from all the major ISPs in Spain, serving 91% of mobile and 98% of broadband users and several governmental and law enforcement authorities. In these measurements, we detected 16 unique blockpages, 2 Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) vendors, and 78 blocked websites. We also contribute an enhanced domain testing methodology to detect certain kinds of Transport Layer Security (TLS) blocking that OONI could not initially detect. In light of our experience analyzing this dataset, we also make suggestions on improving the collection of evidence of network interference.
Democratic legitimacy in global platform governance
(2021) Haggart, Blayne; Iglesias Keller, Clara
The goal of this paper is to propose a democratic legitimacy framework for evaluating platform-goverance proposals, and in doing so clarify terms of debate in this area, allowing for more nuanced policy assessments. It applies a democratic legitimacy framework originally created to assess the European Union's democratic bona fides – Vivian Schmidt's (2013) modification of Scharpf's (1999) well-known taxonomy of forms of democratic legitimacy – to various representative platform governance proposals and policies. The first section discusses briefly the issue of legitimacy in internet and platform governance, while the second outlines our analytical framework. The second section describes the three forms of legitimacy that, according to this framework, are necessary for democratic legitimation: input, throughput and output legitimacy. The third section demonstrates our framework's utility by applying it to four paradigmatic proposals/regimes: Facebook's Oversight Board (self-governance regimes); adjudication-focused proposals such as the Manila Principles for Intermediary Liability (rule-of-law-focused regimes); the human-rights-focused framework proposed by then-UN Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression; and the United Kingdom's Online Harms White Paper (domestic regime). Section four describes our four main findings regarding the case studies: non-state proposals seem to focus on throughput legitimacy; input legitimacy requirements are frequently under examined; state regulation is usually side-lined as a policy option; and output legitimacy is a limited standard to be adopted in supranational contexts. We conclude that only by considering legitimacy as a multifaceted phenomenon based in democratic accountability will it be possible to design platform-governance models that will not only stand the test of time, but will also be accepted by the people whose lives they affect.
Queere KI. Zum Coming-out smarter Maschinen
(transcript, 2022) Klipphahn-Karge, Michael; Koster, Ann-Kathrin; Morais Dos Santos Bruss, Sara
Gängige Formen von Diskriminierung sowie die Reproduktion normativer Stereotype sind auch bei künstlicher Intelligenz an der Tagesordnung. Die Beitragenden erläutern Möglichkeiten der Reduktion dieser fehlerhaften Verfahrensweisen und verhandeln die ambivalente Beziehung zwischen Queerness und KI aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive. Parallel dazu geben sie einem queer-feministischen Wissensverständnis Raum, das sich stets als partikular, vieldeutig und unvollständig versteht. Damit eröffnen sie Möglichkeiten des Umgangs mit KI, die reduktive Kategorisierungen überschreiten können.
Einleitung: Entscheidungsträger im Internet: Private Entscheidungsstrukturen und Plattformregulierung
(Nomos, 2022) Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo; Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo
Entscheidungsträger im Internet: Private Entscheidungsstrukturen und Plattformregulierung
(Nomos, 2022) Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo
Soziale Netzwerke, Zahlungsdienste, Gaming-Plattformen – sie alle verfügen über ausdifferenzierte Regelwerke zur Nutzung ihrer Angebote. Ebenso komplex sind die Systeme, mit denen diese privaten Akteure ihre Regeln durchsetzen. Automatisierte, menschliche oder hybride Entscheidungsstrukturen sollen eine effiziente und gerechte Regeldurchsetzung gewährleisten. Auf Grund der hohen Relevanz dieser Plattformen versuchen aktuelle Regulierungsvorhaben wie der Digital Services Act für klare Vorgaben bei diesen privaten Entscheidungsstrukturen zu sorgen. Der Band versammelt empirische und theoretische Beiträge, die Fragen der Institutionalisierung, Legitimität und Konsequenzen dieser Entwicklung auf den Grund gehen.
Constitucionalismo Digital: contradições de um conceito impreciso
(2022) Pereira, Jane Reis Gonçalves; Iglesias Keller, Clara
Resumo O presente artigo mapeia os usos da expressão constitucionalismo digital, empregada nas discussões recentes de regulação de tecnologias digitais e, em especial, plataformas de Internet. Nosso objetivo principal é indicar as contradições e riscos colocados na dilatação do termo “constitucionalismo” para englobar os fenômenos normativos que hoje correm sob o rótulo. À luz da compreensão do constitucionalismo tradicional como fenômeno político e institucional, são identificadas as teorias que precedem o constitucionalismo digital como formulações contemporâneas que visam explicar as mudanças no funcionamento dos poderes e sistemas normativos que ultrapassam ou sobrepõem o estado-nação e seus limites territoriais (i.e., pluralismo constitucional, constitucionalismo societal e constitucionalismo global). A partir das críticas da literatura a essa matriz teórica, o constitucionalismo digital é problematizado como termo epistemicamente prejudicado pela diversidade de aplicações e pelo potencial de legitimação de concentração de poderes privados. , Abstract This paper maps the uses of the expression digital constitutionalism, as employed in recent debates about digital technologies regulation (in particular, digital platforms). Our goal is to highlight discrepancies and risks implied in the dilatation of the term "constitutionalism" to encompass the normative phenomena that run under this label. In light of the understanding of traditional constitutionalism as a political and institutional phenomenon, we identify the theories that precede digital constitutionalism as contemporary formulations aimed at explaining changes in the functioning of powers and normative systems that transcend or overlap the nation-state and its territorial boundaries (i.e., constitutional pluralism, societal constitutionalism, and global constitutionalism). Based on the literature's criticism of this theoretical matrix, digital constitutionalism is problematized as a term epistemically impaired by the diversity of applications and the potential to legitimize concentrations of private powers.
Priming creativity: Doing math reduces creativity and happiness whereas playing short online games enhance them
(2022) Haase, Jennifer; Hanel, Paul H. P.
Creative thinking is an indispensable cognitive skill that is becoming increasingly important. In the present research, we tested the impact of games on creativity and emotions in a between-subject online experiment with four conditions (N=658). (1) participants played a simple puzzle game that allowed many solutions (priming divergent thinking); (2) participants played a short game that required one fitting solution (priming convergent thinking); (3) participants performed mental arithmetic; (4) passive control condition. Results show that divergent and convergent creativity were higher after playing games and lower after mental arithmetic. Positive emotions did not function as a mediator, even though they were also heightened after playing the games and lower after mental arithmetic. However, contrary to previous research, we found no direct effect of emotions, creative self-efficacy, and growth- vs. fixed on creative performance. We discuss practical implications for digital learning and application settings.
Regulierungsbeziehungen und Entscheidungsmacht privater Zahlungsintermediäre
(Nomos, 2022) Keiner, Alexandra; Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo
Im Fokus aktueller Debatten über die infrastrukturelle Macht von Internet-Intermediären stehen klassischerweise Social-Media-, Handels- und Betriebsplattformen von großen Internetkonzernen wie Facebook, Amazon, Apple oder Google. Demgegenüber werden sowohl in der soziologischen als auch der rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur private Bezahlunternehmen wie Banken, Kreditkarten-Unternehmen und digitale Zahlungsdienstleister nur selten berücksichtigt, obwohl jene Infrastrukturen bereitstellen und kontrollieren, die für sämtliche Finanztransaktionen – nicht nur, aber auch – im Internet benötigt und genutzt werden.
From the Beginning: Key Transitions in the First 15 Years of DNSSEC
(2022) Osterweil, Eric; Tehrani, Pouyan Fotouhi; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Wahlisch, Matthias
When the global rollout of the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) began in 2005, a first-of-its-kind trial started: The complexity of a core Internet protocol was magni- fied in favor of better security for the overall Internet. Thereby, the scale of the loosely-federated delegation in DNS became an unprecedented cryptographic key management challenge. Though fundamental for current and future operational success, our community lacks a clear notion of how to empirically eval- uate the process of securely transitioning keys. In this paper, we propose two building blocks to formally characterize and assess key transitions. First, the anatomy of key transitions, i.e., mea- surable and well-defined properties of key changes; and second, a novel classification model based on this anatomy for describing key transition practices in abstract terms. This abstraction allows for classifying operational behavior. We apply our proposed transition anatomy and transition classes to describe the global DNSSEC deployment. Specifically, we use measurements from the first 15 years of the DNSSEC rollout to detect and under- stand which key transitions have been used to what degree and which rates of errors and warnings occurred. In contrast to prior work, we consider all possible transitions and not only 1:1 key rollovers. Our results show measurable gaps between prescribed key management processes and key transitions in the wild. We also find evidence that such noncompliant transitions are needed in operations.
Digital Sequence Information between Benefit-Sharing and Open Data
(2022) Klünker, Irma; Richter, Heiko
Currently, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are negotiating a strategic plan to save biodiversity. One crucial element of an agreement is the question of whether and how digital sequence information (DSI) is subject to access and benefit-sharing from the utilization of genetic resources, one main instrument of the CBD. In the EU, the Open Data Directive (ODD) of 2019 and the recently adopted Data Governance Act (DGA) already cover research data and to some extent DSI. An analysis of the ODD and the DGA throws a spotlight on the legal uncertainty of utilizing DSI and reveals systemic tensions between open data principles and benefit-sharing restrictions on non-commercial use. It also suggests that a future benefit-sharing mechanism for DSI should avoid distinguish- ing between commercial and non-commercial use upstream, but should instead favor a solution, which imposes benefit-sharing obligations further downstream or outside of the DSI life cycle.
Handling the hype: Implications of AI hype for public interest tech projects
(2023) Züger, Theresa; Kuper, Freia; Fassbender, Judith; Katzy-Reinshagen, Anna; Kühnlein, Irina
Based on theories of expectations of technology and empirical data from expert interviews and case studies, this research article explores how actors in the field of public interest technologies relate to and within the dynamics of AI hype. On an affirmative note, practitioners and experts see the potential that AI hype can serve their own purposes, e.g., through improved funding and support structures. At the same time, public interest tech actors distance themselves from the dynamics of AI hype and criticize it explicitly. Finally, the article discusses how engagement with AI hype and its impact affects society as a whole and, more specifically, society’s ability to develop and use technologies in response to societal problems.
Predictive Policing – Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme am Beispiel der Dimension Raum
(2023) Mehner, Caroline; Fernholz, Yannick; Fabian, Benjamin; Ermakova, Tatiana
Dieser Beitrag bietet eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme des Predictive Policing am Beispiel der Dimension Raum. Unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Entwicklungen des europäischen AI-Acts werden Maßnahmen und Methoden beleuchtet und aus ethischer Perspektive reflektiert und diskutiert. Das methodische Fundament bildet eine systematische Literaturanalyse anhand einer Korpusanalyse zu Techniken des Predictive Policing. Es werden vorhandene wissenschaftliche Vorarbeiten vorgestellt und ethische Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Daten für Predictive Policing untersucht. Der Beitrag eröffnet wichtige Fragen, die es weiter zu erforschen gilt. Die aktuellen Entwicklungen im Rahmen des AI-Acts bestätigen die Relevanz der Thematik.
Rethinking Transparency as a Communicative Constellation
(ACM, 2023) Eyert, Florian; Lopez, Paola
In this paper we make the case for an expanded understanding of transparency. Within the now extensive FAccT literature, transparency has largely been understood in terms of explainability. While this approach has proven helpful in many contexts, it falls short of addressing some of the more fundamental issues in the development and application of machine learning, such as the epistemic limitations of predictions and the political nature of the selection of fairness criteria. In order to render machine learning systems more democratic, we argue, a broader understanding of transparency is needed. We therefore propose to view transparency as a communicative constellation that is a precondition for meaningful democratic deliberation. We discuss four perspective expansions implied by this approach and present a case study illustrating the interplay of heterogeneous actors involved in producing this constellation. Drawing from our conceptualization of transparency, we sketch implications for actor groups in different sectors of society.
Artificial muses: Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Have Risen to Human-Level Creativity
(2023) Haase, Jennifer; Hanel, Paul H. P.
A widespread view is that Artificial Intelligence cannot be creative. We tested this assumption by comparing human-generated ideas with those generated by six Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) chatbots: $alpa.\!ai$, $Copy.\!ai$, ChatGPT (versions 3 and 4), $Studio.\!ai$, and YouChat. Humans and a specifically trained AI independently assessed the quality and quantity of ideas. We found no qualitative difference between AI and human-generated creativity, although there are differences in how ideas are generated. Interestingly, 9.4 percent of humans were more creative than the most creative GAI, GPT-4. Our findings suggest that GAIs are valuable assistants in the creative process. Continued research and development of GAI in creative tasks is crucial to fully understand this technology's potential benefits and drawbacks in shaping the future of creativity. Finally, we discuss the question of whether GAIs are capable of being truly creative.
Im Maschinenraum politischer Repräsentation: Über den Umgang mit politischen Grundbegriffen in der digitalen Konstellation
(Nomos, 2023) Berg, Sebastian; Adler-Bartels, Tobias; Altenburger, Sven; Frick, Verena; Schottdorf, Tobias; Stein, Tine
Process model forecasting and change exploration using time series analysis of event sequence data
(2023) De Smedt, Johannes; Yeshchenko, Anton; Polyvyanyy, Artem; De Weerdt, Jochen; Mendling, Jan
Process analytics is a collection of data-driven techniques for, among others, making predictions for individual process instances or overall process models. At the instance level, various novel techniques have been recently devised, tackling analytical tasks such as next activity, remaining time, or outcome prediction. However, there is a notable void regarding predictions at the process model level. It is the ambition of this article to fill this gap. More specifically, we develop a technique to forecast the entire process model from historical event data. A forecasted model is a will-be process model representing a probable description of the overall process for a given period in the future. Such a forecast helps, for instance, to anticipate and prepare for the consequences of upcoming process drifts and emerging bottlenecks. Our technique builds on a representation of event data as multiple time series, each capturing the evolution of a behavioural aspect of the process model, such that corresponding time series forecasting techniques can be applied. Our implementation demonstrates the feasibility of process model forecasting using real-world event data. A user study using our Process Change Exploration tool confirms the usefulness and ease of use of the produced process model forecasts.
“They just won't listen”—The role of blame in narratives of past extreme weather events for anticipating future crisis
(2023) Jasmina, Schmidt; Nikola, Tietze; Lars, Gerhold; Thomas, Kox
The phase before an extreme weather event is crucial for the actual reaction to the impacts of such an event. In this phase, professionals in the field of civil protection and emergency management anticipate the intensity and impact of the event and use these expectations for action. We argue that anticipation is—beyond others—shaped by the organizations’ shared narratives of past crisis that resulted from extreme weather events. The findings focus on the frame of ‘blame’ in the narration and are based on two fields of study, road maintenance services and forest fire control. Qualitative group discussions and semistructured interviews show two very different views on blame depending on the organization: human factors and fate. This contrast can be traced back to the character of the weather events itself, but also with the self‐image of the organization and perceived external expectations. Depending on the narrative plot and threshold of the event, narratives can affect and alter practices of anticipation through narrations of renewal. Findings contribute to the understanding of organizational sensemaking through narratives of blame and consequences.
Queer Reflections on AI: Uncertain Intelligences
(Routledge, 2023) Klipphahn-Karge, Michael; Koster, Ann-Kathrin; dos Santos Bruss, Santa Morais
This volume offers a socio-technical exploration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the way it reflects and reproduces certain normative representations of gender and sexuality, to ultimately guide more diverse and radical discussions of life with digital technologies. Moving beyond the examination of empirical examples and technical solutions, the book approaches the relationship between queerness and AI from a theoretical perspective that posits queer theory as central to understanding AI differently. The chapters pose questions about the politics and ethics of machine embodiments and data imaginaries on the one hand, and about technical possibilities for a production of social identities characterised by shifting diversity and multiplicity on the other, as they are mediated by and through digital technologies. Transgressing disciplinary boundaries to engage a diversity of conceptual tools, critical approaches, and theoretical traditions, this book will be an important resource for students and researchers of gender and sexuality, new media and digital cultures, cultural theory, art and visual culture, and AI.

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