Digitale Infrastrukturen in der Demokratie

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Auflistung Digitale Infrastrukturen in der Demokratie nach Erscheinungsdatum

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    Algorithmen als Rationalitätsmythos
    (FernUniversität in Hagen, 2020) Keiner, Alexandra; Leineweber, Christian; de Witt, Claudia
    Algorithmen gelten derzeit als die Antwort auf eine Vielzahl gesellschaftlicher Probleme. Von der Bekämpfung des Klimawandels über die Vorbeugung von Armut und Kriminalität bis hin zur Früherkennung von Krebs – Algorithmen scheinen eine Universallösung zu sein. Mit dem neo-institutionalistischen Konzept rationalisierter Mythen wird in diesem Beitrag versucht, für diese solutionistische Faszination eine Erklärung zu liefern.
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    Understanding internet censorship in europe: The case of spain
    (Association for Computing Machinery, 2021) Ververis, Vasilis; Ermakova, Tatiana; Isaakidis, Marios; Basso, Simone; Fabian, Benjamin; Milan, Stefania
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    Democratic legitimacy in global platform governance
    (2021) Haggart, Blayne; Iglesias Keller, Clara
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    Queere KI. Zum Coming-out smarter Maschinen
    (transcript, 2022) Klipphahn-Karge, Michael; Koster, Ann-Kathrin; Morais Dos Santos Bruss, Sara
    Gängige Formen von Diskriminierung sowie die Reproduktion normativer Stereotype sind auch bei künstlicher Intelligenz an der Tagesordnung. Die Beitragenden erläutern Möglichkeiten der Reduktion dieser fehlerhaften Verfahrensweisen und verhandeln die ambivalente Beziehung zwischen Queerness und KI aus einer interdisziplinären Perspektive. Parallel dazu geben sie einem queer-feministischen Wissensverständnis Raum, das sich stets als partikular, vieldeutig und unvollständig versteht. Damit eröffnen sie Möglichkeiten des Umgangs mit KI, die reduktive Kategorisierungen überschreiten können.
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    Einleitung: Entscheidungsträger im Internet: Private Entscheidungsstrukturen und Plattformregulierung
    (Nomos, 2022) Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo; Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo
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    Entscheidungsträger im Internet: Private Entscheidungsstrukturen und Plattformregulierung
    (Nomos, 2022) Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo
    Soziale Netzwerke, Zahlungsdienste, Gaming-Plattformen – sie alle verfügen über ausdifferenzierte Regelwerke zur Nutzung ihrer Angebote. Ebenso komplex sind die Systeme, mit denen diese privaten Akteure ihre Regeln durchsetzen. Automatisierte, menschliche oder hybride Entscheidungsstrukturen sollen eine effiziente und gerechte Regeldurchsetzung gewährleisten. Auf Grund der hohen Relevanz dieser Plattformen versuchen aktuelle Regulierungsvorhaben wie der Digital Services Act für klare Vorgaben bei diesen privaten Entscheidungsstrukturen zu sorgen. Der Band versammelt empirische und theoretische Beiträge, die Fragen der Institutionalisierung, Legitimität und Konsequenzen dieser Entwicklung auf den Grund gehen.
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    From the Beginning: Key Transitions in the First 15 Years of DNSSEC
    (2022) Osterweil, Eric; Tehrani, Pouyan Fotouhi; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Wahlisch, Matthias
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    Constitucionalismo Digital: contradições de um conceito impreciso
    (2022) Pereira, Jane Reis Gonçalves; Iglesias Keller, Clara
    Resumo O presente artigo mapeia os usos da expressão constitucionalismo digital, empregada nas discussões recentes de regulação de tecnologias digitais e, em especial, plataformas de Internet. Nosso objetivo principal é indicar as contradições e riscos colocados na dilatação do termo “constitucionalismo” para englobar os fenômenos normativos que hoje correm sob o rótulo. À luz da compreensão do constitucionalismo tradicional como fenômeno político e institucional, são identificadas as teorias que precedem o constitucionalismo digital como formulações contemporâneas que visam explicar as mudanças no funcionamento dos poderes e sistemas normativos que ultrapassam ou sobrepõem o estado-nação e seus limites territoriais (i.e., pluralismo constitucional, constitucionalismo societal e constitucionalismo global). A partir das críticas da literatura a essa matriz teórica, o constitucionalismo digital é problematizado como termo epistemicamente prejudicado pela diversidade de aplicações e pelo potencial de legitimação de concentração de poderes privados. , Abstract This paper maps the uses of the expression digital constitutionalism, as employed in recent debates about digital technologies regulation (in particular, digital platforms). Our goal is to highlight discrepancies and risks implied in the dilatation of the term "constitutionalism" to encompass the normative phenomena that run under this label. In light of the understanding of traditional constitutionalism as a political and institutional phenomenon, we identify the theories that precede digital constitutionalism as contemporary formulations aimed at explaining changes in the functioning of powers and normative systems that transcend or overlap the nation-state and its territorial boundaries (i.e., constitutional pluralism, societal constitutionalism, and global constitutionalism). Based on the literature's criticism of this theoretical matrix, digital constitutionalism is problematized as a term epistemically impaired by the diversity of applications and the potential to legitimize concentrations of private powers.
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    Digital Sequence Information between Benefit-Sharing and Open Data
    (2022) Klünker, Irma; Richter, Heiko
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    Priming creativity: Doing math reduces creativity and happiness whereas playing short online games enhance them
    (2022) Haase, Jennifer; Hanel, Paul H. P.
    Creative thinking is an indispensable cognitive skill that is becoming increasingly important. In the present research, we tested the impact of games on creativity and emotions in a between-subject online experiment with four conditions (N=658). (1) participants played a simple puzzle game that allowed many solutions (priming divergent thinking); (2) participants played a short game that required one fitting solution (priming convergent thinking); (3) participants performed mental arithmetic; (4) passive control condition. Results show that divergent and convergent creativity were higher after playing games and lower after mental arithmetic. Positive emotions did not function as a mediator, even though they were also heightened after playing the games and lower after mental arithmetic. However, contrary to previous research, we found no direct effect of emotions, creative self-efficacy, and growth- vs. fixed on creative performance. We discuss practical implications for digital learning and application settings.
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    Regulierungsbeziehungen und Entscheidungsmacht privater Zahlungsintermediäre
    (Nomos, 2022) Keiner, Alexandra; Schrör, Simon; Keiner, Alexandra; Müller, Ferdinand; Schumacher, Pablo
    Im Fokus aktueller Debatten über die infrastrukturelle Macht von Internet-Intermediären stehen klassischerweise Social-Media-, Handels- und Betriebsplattformen von großen Internetkonzernen wie Facebook, Amazon, Apple oder Google. Demgegenüber werden sowohl in der soziologischen als auch der rechtswissenschaftlichen Literatur private Bezahlunternehmen wie Banken, Kreditkarten-Unternehmen und digitale Zahlungsdienstleister nur selten berücksichtigt, obwohl jene Infrastrukturen bereitstellen und kontrollieren, die für sämtliche Finanztransaktionen – nicht nur, aber auch – im Internet benötigt und genutzt werden.
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    Handling the hype: Implications of AI hype for public interest tech projects
    (2023) Züger, Theresa; Kuper, Freia; Fassbender, Judith; Katzy-Reinshagen, Anna; Kühnlein, Irina
    Based on theories of expectations of technology and empirical data from expert interviews and case studies, this research article explores how actors in the field of public interest technologies relate to and within the dynamics of AI hype. On an affirmative note, practitioners and experts see the potential that AI hype can serve their own purposes, e.g., through improved funding and support structures. At the same time, public interest tech actors distance themselves from the dynamics of AI hype and criticize it explicitly. Finally, the article discusses how engagement with AI hype and its impact affects society as a whole and, more specifically, society’s ability to develop and use technologies in response to societal problems.
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    Predictive Policing – Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme am Beispiel der Dimension Raum
    (2023) Mehner, Caroline; Fernholz, Yannick; Fabian, Benjamin; Ermakova, Tatiana
    Dieser Beitrag bietet eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme des Predictive Policing am Beispiel der Dimension Raum. Unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Entwicklungen des europäischen AI-Acts werden Maßnahmen und Methoden beleuchtet und aus ethischer Perspektive reflektiert und diskutiert. Das methodische Fundament bildet eine systematische Literaturanalyse anhand einer Korpusanalyse zu Techniken des Predictive Policing. Es werden vorhandene wissenschaftliche Vorarbeiten vorgestellt und ethische Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Daten für Predictive Policing untersucht. Der Beitrag eröffnet wichtige Fragen, die es weiter zu erforschen gilt. Die aktuellen Entwicklungen im Rahmen des AI-Acts bestätigen die Relevanz der Thematik.
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    Rethinking Transparency as a Communicative Constellation
    (ACM, 2023) Eyert, Florian; Lopez, Paola
    In this paper we make the case for an expanded understanding of transparency. Within the now extensive FAccT literature, transparency has largely been understood in terms of explainability. While this approach has proven helpful in many contexts, it falls short of addressing some of the more fundamental issues in the development and application of machine learning, such as the epistemic limitations of predictions and the political nature of the selection of fairness criteria. In order to render machine learning systems more democratic, we argue, a broader understanding of transparency is needed. We therefore propose to view transparency as a communicative constellation that is a precondition for meaningful democratic deliberation. We discuss four perspective expansions implied by this approach and present a case study illustrating the interplay of heterogeneous actors involved in producing this constellation. Drawing from our conceptualization of transparency, we sketch implications for actor groups in different sectors of society.
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    Einsatz von KI in der Medizin: Haftung und Versicherung
    (2023) Zech, Herbert; Hünefeld, Isabelle Céline
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    Artificial muses: Generative Artificial Intelligence Chatbots Have Risen to Human-Level Creativity
    (2023) Haase, Jennifer; Hanel, Paul H. P.
    A widespread view is that Artificial Intelligence cannot be creative. We tested this assumption by comparing human-generated ideas with those generated by six Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) chatbots: $alpa.\!ai$, $Copy.\!ai$, ChatGPT (versions 3 and 4), $Studio.\!ai$, and YouChat. Humans and a specifically trained AI independently assessed the quality and quantity of ideas. We found no qualitative difference between AI and human-generated creativity, although there are differences in how ideas are generated. Interestingly, 9.4 percent of humans were more creative than the most creative GAI, GPT-4. Our findings suggest that GAIs are valuable assistants in the creative process. Continued research and development of GAI in creative tasks is crucial to fully understand this technology's potential benefits and drawbacks in shaping the future of creativity. Finally, we discuss the question of whether GAIs are capable of being truly creative.
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    Im Maschinenraum politischer Repräsentation: Über den Umgang mit politischen Grundbegriffen in der digitalen Konstellation
    (Nomos, 2023) Berg, Sebastian; Adler-Bartels, Tobias; Altenburger, Sven; Frick, Verena; Schottdorf, Tobias; Stein, Tine
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    Process model forecasting and change exploration using time series analysis of event sequence data
    (2023) De Smedt, Johannes; Yeshchenko, Anton; Polyvyanyy, Artem; De Weerdt, Jochen; Mendling, Jan
    Process analytics is a collection of data-driven techniques for, among others, making predictions for individual process instances or overall process models. At the instance level, various novel techniques have been recently devised, tackling analytical tasks such as next activity, remaining time, or outcome prediction. However, there is a notable void regarding predictions at the process model level. It is the ambition of this article to fill this gap. More specifically, we develop a technique to forecast the entire process model from historical event data. A forecasted model is a will-be process model representing a probable description of the overall process for a given period in the future. Such a forecast helps, for instance, to anticipate and prepare for the consequences of upcoming process drifts and emerging bottlenecks. Our technique builds on a representation of event data as multiple time series, each capturing the evolution of a behavioural aspect of the process model, such that corresponding time series forecasting techniques can be applied. Our implementation demonstrates the feasibility of process model forecasting using real-world event data. A user study using our Process Change Exploration tool confirms the usefulness and ease of use of the produced process model forecasts.
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    “They just won't listen”—The role of blame in narratives of past extreme weather events for anticipating future crisis
    (2023) Jasmina, Schmidt; Nikola, Tietze; Lars, Gerhold; Thomas, Kox
    The phase before an extreme weather event is crucial for the actual reaction to the impacts of such an event. In this phase, professionals in the field of civil protection and emergency management anticipate the intensity and impact of the event and use these expectations for action. We argue that anticipation is—beyond others—shaped by the organizations’ shared narratives of past crisis that resulted from extreme weather events. The findings focus on the frame of ‘blame’ in the narration and are based on two fields of study, road maintenance services and forest fire control. Qualitative group discussions and semistructured interviews show two very different views on blame depending on the organization: human factors and fate. This contrast can be traced back to the character of the weather events itself, but also with the self‐image of the organization and perceived external expectations. Depending on the narrative plot and threshold of the event, narratives can affect and alter practices of anticipation through narrations of renewal. Findings contribute to the understanding of organizational sensemaking through narratives of blame and consequences.