Digitale Technologien in der Gesellschaft

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https://www.weizenbaum-library.de/handle/id/305
In diesem Forschungsschwerpunkt sollen der Zusammenhang zwischen Digitalisierung, Teilhabe und Ungleichheit erforscht, die Nutzung digitaler Technologien für Teilhabechancen gestaltend erprobt und gegen neue Ungleichheiten interveniert werden. Dafür werden Perspektiven der Wirtschaftsinformatik, der Designforschung und der Informatik zusammengeführt.

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Auflistung Digitale Technologien in der Gesellschaft nach Erscheinungsdatum

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    Designforschung im Kontext sozialer und politischer Partizipation
    (transcript Verlag, 2022) Herlo, Bianca; Hofhues, Sandra; Schütze, Konstanze
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    The AI Act Proposal: Towards the next transparency fallacy? Why AI regulation should be based on principles based on how algorithmic discrimination works
    (Mohr Siebeck, 2022) Berendt, Bettina; Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, nukleare Sicherheit und Verbraucherschutz; Rostalski, Frauke
    Artificial Intelligence (AI) can entail large benefits as well as risks. The goals of protecting individuals and society and establishing conditions under which citizens find AI “trustworthy” and developers and vendors can produce and sell AI, the ways in which AI works have to be understood better and rules have to be established and enforced to mitigate the risks. This task can only be undertaken in collaboration. Computer scientists are called upon to align data, algorithms, procedures and larger designs with values, ‘ethics’ and laws. Social scientists are called upon to describe and analyse the plethora of interdependent effects and causes in socio-technical systems involving AI. Philosophers are expected to explain values and ethics. And legal experts and scholars as well as politicians are expected to create the social rules and institutions that support beneficial uses of AI and avoid harmful ones. This article starts from a computers-and-society perspective and focuses on the action space of lawmaking. It suggests an approach to AI regulation that starts from a critique of the European Union’s (EU) proposal for a Regulation commonly known as the AI Act Proposal, published by the EU Commission on 21 April 2021.
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    Documenting Data Production Processes: A Participatory Approach for Data Work
    (2022) Miceli, Milagros; Yang, Tianling; Alvarado Garcia, Adriana; Posada, Julian; Wang, Sonja Mei; Pohl,Marc; Hanna, Alex
    The opacity of machine learning data is a significant threat to ethical data work and intelligible systems. Previous research has addressed this issue by proposing standardized checklists to document datasets. This paper expands that field of inquiry by proposing a shift of perspective: from documenting datasets towards documenting data production. We draw on participatory design and collaborate with data workers at two companies located in Bulgaria and Argentina, where the collection and annotation of data for machine learning are outsourced. Our investigation comprises 2.5 years of research, including 33 semi-structured interviews, five co-design workshops, the development of prototypes, and several feedback instances with participants. We identify key challenges and requirements related to the integration of documentation practices in real-world data production scenarios. Our findings comprise important design considerations and highlight the value of designing data documentation based on the needs of data workers. We argue that a view of documentation as a boundary object, i.e., an object that can be used differently across organizations and teams but holds enough immutable content to maintain integrity, can be useful when designing documentation to retrieve heterogeneous, often distributed, contexts of data production.
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    Away from Keyboard. Design research in the context of social and political participation
    (transcript, 2022) Herlo, Bianca; Schütze, Konstanze; Hofhues, Sandra
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    The Civic Internet of Things as a socio-technical object. Studies on community-based environmental monitoring, sustained civic engagement and new opportunities in journalism.
    (Freie Universität Berlin, 2022) Hamm, Andrea; Neuberger, Christoph; Raetzsch, Christoph
    **Deutsch** In dieser Dissertation wurden Internet of Things (IoT) Technologien, wie Sensoren und ihre Anwendungen, aus einer soziotechnischen Perspektive mit Schwerpunkt auf zivilgesellschaftliche (engl. civic) Zwecke für die Verwendung der Technologien erforscht. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist es, ein tiefergehendes Verständnis vom Civic IoT und seinen gesellschaftlichen Transformationspotenzial zu erlangen. Die übergreifende Forschungsfrage lautet: Was sind die gesellschaftlichen Implikationen des technologischen Objekts Civic IoT? Drei Anwendungsbereiche, welche als hochrelevant eingestuft wurden, werden in dieser Arbeit studiert: gemeinschaftliche (engl. community-based) Umweltbeobachtung, nachhaltiges Engagement von Civic-Tech-Initiativen und der „Journalism of Things“. Diese Dissertation ist eine kumulative Arbeit und umfasst drei begutachtete wissenschaftliche Publikationen.
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    The Data-Production Dispositif
    (2022) Miceli, Milagros; Posada, Julian
    Machine learning (ML) depends on data to train and verify models. Very often, organizations outsource processes related to data work (i.e., generating and annotating data and evaluating outputs) through business process outsourcing (BPO) companies and crowdsourcing platforms. This paper investigates outsourced ML data work in Latin America by studying three platforms in Venezuela and a BPO in Argentina. We lean on the Foucauldian notion of dispositif to define the data-production dispositif as an ensemble of discourses, actions, and objects strategically disposed to (re)produce power/knowledge relations in data and labor. Our dispositif analysis comprises the examination of 210 data work instruction documents, 55 interviews with data workers, managers, and requesters, and participant observation. Our findings show that discourses encoded in instructions reproduce and normalize the worldviews of requesters. Precarious working conditions and economic dependency alienate workers, making them obedient to instructions. Furthermore, discourses and social contexts materialize in artifacts, such as interfaces and performance metrics, limiting workers' agency and normalizing specific ways of interpreting data. We conclude by stressing the importance of counteracting the data-production dispositif by fighting alienation and precarization, and empowering data workers to become assets in the quest for high-quality data.
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    New Objects, New Boundaries: How the “Journalism of Things” Reconfigures Collaborative Arrangements, Audience Relations and Knowledge-Based Empowerment
    (2022) Hamm, Andrea
    Journalism of Things (JoT) is a new paradigm in digital journalism where journalists co-create sensor technologies with citizens, scientists, and designers generating new kinds of data-based and community-driven insights to provide a novel perspective on matters of common concern. This study locates Journalism of Things in existing theory and elaborates on innovation practices with the analytical lenses of boundary work and objects of journalism. Three case studies on recent award-winning journalism projects in Germany include interviews, media content analyses, and observations. The findings suggest four typical phases in JoT projects: formation, data work, presentation, and ramification. Blurred boundaries of journalism towards science and activism become apparent when co-creative JoT teams apply scientific methods and technology design while mobilizing communities. The article discusses how things (or objects) of JoT have implications on the configuration for collaborative arrangements and audience relations. By creating and disseminating new local knowledge on matters of common concern, JoT is contributing to empowering both journalism and citizens.
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    Proceedings of the Weizenbaum Conference 2023. AI, Big Data, Social Media and People on the Move
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2023) Berendt, Bettina; Krzywdzinski, Martin; Kuznetsova, Elizaveta
    The contributions focus on the question of what role different digital technologies play for “people on the move” - with “people on the move” being understood both spatially (migration and flight) and in terms of economic and social change (changing working conditions, access conditions). The authors discuss phenomena such as disinformation and algorithmic bias from different perspectives, and the possibilities, limits and dangers of generative artificial intelligence.
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    Municipalities’ digitalization and sustainability transformations: A network approach for designing a transdisciplinary knowledge community
    (Association for Computing Machinery, 2023) Hamm, Andrea; Ullrich, André; Rehak, Rainer; Becker, Kristina; Nölting, Benjamin
    In response to changing climatic conditions and the increasing need for more inclusive and participatory municipal service provision, many municipalities are undergoing a dual transformation process, one digital and one socio-ecological one. However, municipalities are at different stages and with different paces, often neither know what each other’s transformation processes look like nor have the tools and resources for meaningful cooperation. To foster knowledge sharing and mutual learning, we use a network approach for designing a transdisciplinary knowledge community for municipalities undergoing such transformation processes. This research in progress serves to improve the transfer between science and practice.
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    Gewissensbisse - Fallbeispiele zu ethischen Problemen der Informatik
    (transcript Verlag, 2023) Class, Christina B.; Coy, Wolfgang; Kurz, Constanze; Obert, Otto; Rehak, Rainer; Trinitis, Carsten; Ullrich, Stefan; Weber-Wulff, Debora
    Die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten moderner IT-Systeme bringen drängende ethische Probleme mit sich. Neben der offensichtlichen Frage nach einer moralisch tragbaren Verwendung von Informationstechnologien sind ebenso die Aspekte des Entwerfens, Herstellens und Betreibens derselben entscheidend. Die Beiträge setzen sich mit dem Konfliktpotenzial zwischen Technik und Ethik auseinander, indem sie lebensnahe Fallbeispiele vorstellen und fragenbasiert zur Diskussion einladen. Damit liefern sie eine praktische Herangehensweise zum gemeinsamen Nachdenken über moralische Gebote und ethischen Umgang mit IT-Systemen und ihren Möglichkeiten. Der Band eignet sich damit in hervorragender Weise zum Vermitteln und Erlernen von ethischer Reflexions- und Handlungskompetenz in der Informatik sowie im Umgang mit IT-Technologien überhaupt.
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    Measures to reduce corporate GHG emissions: A review-based taxonomy and survey-based cluster analysis of their application and perceived effectiveness
    (2023) Lewandowski, Stefanie; Ullrich, André
    Companies contribute to a large extent to greenhouse gas emission. To mitigate this, measures for reducing these emissions can be applied. There is, however, neither a systematized general overview of existing measures nor an estimation of their application and their effectiveness to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This study strives to close this gap by reviewing research on the reduction of corporate greenhouse gas emissions and synthesizing emission reduction measures in a taxonomy. Furthermore, the application of these measures and their perceived effectiveness is empirically assessed using a survey among companies that are involved in emission reduction activities. On this basis, a cluster analysis is conducted to identify measure types and to unveil application patterns. 27 different measures and 65 respective implementation examples are identified and structured within nine categories: energy, product, process, technology, 6R and waste management, office and mobility, management, reporting and disclosure, and compensation measures. The empirical analysis shows that there exist measures with a high efficiency to reduce emission, which are rarely applied in companies. On the other side, a large share of applied measures is not perceived as highly effective. Companies can use these results to structure their emission reduction activities and identify best practices.
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    ResumeTailor: Improving Resume Quality Through Co-Creative Tools
    (IOS Press, 2023) Delobelle, Pieter; Wang, Sonja Mei; Berendt, Bettina; Lukowicz, Paul; Mayer, Sven; Koch, Janin; Shawe-Taylor, John; Tiddi, Ilaria
    Clear and well-written resumes can help jobseekers find better and better-suited jobs. However, many people struggle with writing their resumes, especially if they just entered the job market. Although many tools have been created to help write resumes, an analysis we conducted showed us that these tools focus mainly on layout and only give very limited content-related support. This paper presents a co-creative resume building tool that provides tailored advice to jobseekers. It is based on a comprehensive computational analysis of 444k resumes and the development of a Dutch language model, ResumeRobBERT, to provide contextual suggestions. Through the analysis of the resumes, we found that some expected sections, such as language proficiency, are often missing entirely, while conversely some resumes contain unexpected content, such as negative personality traits. This implies that jobseekers could benefit from more guidance when writing resumes. We aim to support them in the resume-writing process through our tool ResumeTailor, a co-creative resume building tool that gives textual suggestions and provides a template for important resume sections.
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    How Far Can It Go? On Intrinsic Gender Bias Mitigation for Text Classification
    (Association for Computational Linguistics, 2023) Tokpo, Ewoenam Kwaku; Delobelle, Pieter; Berendt, Bettina; Calders, Toon
    To mitigate gender bias in contextualized language models, different intrinsic mitigation strategies have been proposed, alongside many bias metrics. Considering that the end use of these language models is for downstream tasks like text classification, it is important to understand how these intrinsic bias mitigation strategies actually translate to fairness in downstream tasks and the extent of this. In this work, we design a probe to investigate the effects that some of the major intrinsic gender bias mitigation strategies have on downstream text classification tasks. We discover that instead of resolving gender bias, intrinsic mitigation techniques and metrics are able to hide it in such a way that significant gender information is retained in the embeddings. Furthermore, we show that each mitigation technique is able to hide the bias from some of the intrinsic bias measures but not all, and each intrinsic bias measure can be fooled by some mitigation techniques, but not all. We confirm experimentally, that none of the intrinsic mitigation techniques used without any other fairness intervention is able to consistently impact extrinsic bias. We recommend that intrinsic bias mitigation techniques should be combined with other fairness interventions for downstream tasks.
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    Tik-to-Tok: Translating Language Models One Token at a Time: An Embedding Initialization Strategy for Efficient Language Adaptation
    (2023) Remy, François; Delobelle, Pieter; Berendt, Bettina; Demuynck, Kris; Demeester, Thomas
    Training monolingual language models for low and mid-resource languages is made challenging by limited and often inadequate pretraining data. In this study, we propose a novel model conversion strategy to address this issue, adapting high-resources monolingual language models to a new target language. By generalizing over a word translation dictionary encompassing both the source and target languages, we map tokens from the target tokenizer to semantically similar tokens from the source language tokenizer. This one-to-many token mapping improves tremendously the initialization of the embedding table for the target language. We conduct experiments to convert high-resource models to mid- and low-resource languages, namely Dutch and Frisian. These converted models achieve a new state-of-the-art performance on these languages across all sorts of downstream tasks. By reducing significantly the amount of data and time required for training state-of-the-art models, our novel model conversion strategy has the potential to benefit many languages worldwide.
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    Shaping digital transformation for a sustainable society
    (2023) Jankowski, Patricia; Höfner, Anja; Hoffmann, Marja Lena; Rohde, Friederike; Rehak, Rainer; Graf, Johanna
    The second ‹Bits & Bäume› conference took place in Berlin in 2022. Once again, it provided a space for critical tech and sustainability communities to share ideas and collaborate towards the common goal of shaping digitalisation to foster sustainability. This companion book compiles the insights, work, research and opinions of more than 65 authors with a ‹Bits & Bäume› background, including practitioners, researchers and activists. The articles included in this journal demonstrate the progress made in merging ‹Bits› and ‹Bäume› (Trees) topics since our first publication in 2019 by addressing different sub-areas of the intersections between digitalisation and sustainability. Encompassing a wide range of topics, the articles delve into pressing challenges such as the resource consumption, power implications and democratic governance of digital infrastructures, AI, blockchains, mobile apps, and other software applications, as well as the need to address the unsustainable practices and paradigms of e.g., the platform economy. Offering not only transparency but also solutions, the journal presents practical approaches and concepts related to the necessary transformation, such as the Computer Science for Future programme. It also contains articles commenting on current political developments, such as the EU legislation on sustainability and freedom-related aspects of ICT devices. Further articles highlight the power of and need for an active civil society, aiming to inspire activism. This journal caters for everyone: Are you just getting into the topics around Bits & Bäume? Have you been involved in this field for many years, or are you an expert in one of the areas touched on here? In this journal you will find both introductory topics, such as illustrations on the challenges of today’s digitalised society, and also advanced topics, such as conceptual and regulatory discussions. Whatever your background, we think you’ll enjoy the read, learn something new on the way, and get inspired. Ultimately, we are all united by the overarching goal of shaping digitalisation as part of a necessary socio-ecological change; one which contributes to a sustainable and just society.
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    Proceedings of the Weizenbaum Conference 2022: Practicing Sovereignty - Interventions for Open Digital Futures
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2023) Herlo, Bianca; Irrgang, Daniel
    We advocate for the adoption of an integrated strategy aimed at achieving increased participation via effective digital public administration services. We argue that it is urgent to understand the integration of participatory approaches from the field of e-democracy in digitalized public administration, as trendsetting e-government implementations are already underway. We base our arguments on the observation that the approaches in e-democracy and e-government seem to be locked into extremes: In e-democracy, (experimental) platforms have failed to create a participative political culture. E- government, in turn, narrowly perceives citizens as customers. Additionally, efforts to increase digital sovereignty have mostly been educational ones that support citizens’ self-determined use of the digital but do not address sovereignty via the digital. As a result, digitalized public administration is not achieving its potential to create opportunities for participation during encounters with the administration. Hence, we argue for the adoption of a digitally aided sovereignty as a normative guide for an e-government transformation that strives to create opportunities for participation via the digital.
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    Design thinking capabilities in the digital world: A bibliometric analysis of emerging trends
    (2023) Dragičević, Nikolina; Vladova, Gergana; Ullrich, André
    Recent research suggests that design thinking practices may foster the development of needed capabilities in new digitalised landscapes. However, existing publications represent individual contributions, and we lack a holistic understanding of the value of design thinking in a digital world. No review, to date, has offered a holistic retrospection of this research. In response, in this bibliometric review, we aim to shed light on the intellectual structure of multidisciplinary design thinking literature related to capabilities relevant to the digital world in higher education and business settings, highlight current trends and suggest further studies to advance theoretical and empirical underpinnings. Our study addresses this aim using bibliometric methods—bibliographic coupling and co-word analysis as they are particularly suitable for identifying current trends and future research priorities at the forefront of the research. Overall, bibliometric analyses of the publications dealing with the related topics published in the last 10 years (extracted from the Web of Science database) expose six trends and two possible future research developments highlighting the expanding scope of the design thinking scientific field related to capabilities required for the (more sustainable and human-centric) digital world. Relatedly, design thinking becomes a relevant approach to be included in higher education curricula and human resources training to prepare students and workers for the changing work demands. This paper is well-suited for education and business practitioners seeking to embed design thinking capabilities in their curricula and for design thinking and other scholars wanting to understand the field and possible directions for future research.
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    The rise of metric-based digital status: an empirical investigation into the role of status perceptions in envy on social networking sites
    (2023) Meythaler, Antonia; Krause, Hannes-Vincent; Baumann, Annika; Krasnova, Hanna; Thatcher, Jason Bennett
    Widespread on social networking sites (SNSs), envy has been linked to an array of detrimental outcomes for users’ well-being. While envy has been considered a status-related emotion and is likely to be experienced in response to perceiving another’s higher status, there is a lack of research exploring how status perceptions influence the emergence of envy on SNSs. This is important because SNSs typically quantify social interactions and reach with metrics that indicate users’ relative rank and status in the network. To understand how status perceptions impact SNS users, we introduce a new form of metric-based digital status rooted in SNS metrics that are available and visible on a platform. Drawing on social comparison theory and status literature, we conducted an online experiment to investigate how different forms of status contribute to the proliferation of envy on SNSs. Our findings shed light on how metric-based digital status influences feelings of envy on SNSs. Specifically, we could show that metric-based digital status impacts envy through increasing perceptions of others’ socioeconomic and sociometric statuses. Our study contributes to the growing discourse on the negative out­ comes associated with SNS use and its consequences for users and society.