Digitale Infrastrukturen in der Demokratie
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Auflistung Digitale Infrastrukturen in der Demokratie nach Forschungsgruppen "Digitalisierung und vernetzte Sicherheit"
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- ItemFrom the Beginning: Key Transitions in the First 15 Years of DNSSEC(2022) Osterweil, Eric; Tehrani, Pouyan Fotouhi; Schmidt, Thomas C.; Wahlisch, MatthiasWhen the global rollout of the DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) began in 2005, a first-of-its-kind trial started: The complexity of a core Internet protocol was magni- fied in favor of better security for the overall Internet. Thereby, the scale of the loosely-federated delegation in DNS became an unprecedented cryptographic key management challenge. Though fundamental for current and future operational success, our community lacks a clear notion of how to empirically eval- uate the process of securely transitioning keys. In this paper, we propose two building blocks to formally characterize and assess key transitions. First, the anatomy of key transitions, i.e., mea- surable and well-defined properties of key changes; and second, a novel classification model based on this anatomy for describing key transition practices in abstract terms. This abstraction allows for classifying operational behavior. We apply our proposed transition anatomy and transition classes to describe the global DNSSEC deployment. Specifically, we use measurements from the first 15 years of the DNSSEC rollout to detect and under- stand which key transitions have been used to what degree and which rates of errors and warnings occurred. In contrast to prior work, we consider all possible transitions and not only 1:1 key rollovers. Our results show measurable gaps between prescribed key management processes and key transitions in the wild. We also find evidence that such noncompliant transitions are needed in operations.
- ItemIndividual heat adaptation: Analyzing risk communication, warnings, heat risk perception, and protective behavior in three German cities(2024) Heidenreich, Anna; Thieken, Annegret H.Extreme heat poses severe health threats, as the increased numbers of hospitalizations and fatalities during heat waves show, though little is known about adaptive behavior toward heat. We conducted a household survey on individual perceptions of heat stress and individual heat protection in the summer and autumn of 2019. In total, 1417 people from three medium‐sized German cities participated via telephone or online. Based on the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM), which we adapted to heat stress, we analyzed links between risk perception, environmental and demographic factors, perceptions of stakeholders, different heat warning messages, as well as actual and intended adaptive behavior. Overall, the PADM constructs explained around 16% of the variance in protection motivation, 19% in protective response, and 23% in emotion‐focused coping. Context factors (i.e., temperature, risk communication, gender, age, and homeownership) were significant predictors of the addressed outcome variables as were psychological factors (i.e., perceived personal vulnerability, response efficacy, response costs, preparedness, and perceived external responsibility). We further explored the effect of different warning messages on situational knowledge and intended behavioral adaptation in an experimental setting. Results showed that respondents felt significantly better informed after receiving a warning with action recommendations and reported more intended specific behaviors. Our research gives insights into individual protective action decision‐making processes. Based on our findings, we recommend tailoring risk communication strategies and combining heat warnings with action recommendations whenever possible to increase understanding and individual adaptation.
- ItemMaßnahmen zur Hitze- und Starkregenvorsorge in Kitas und Pflegeeinrichtungen: Eine Evaluation von Risikowahrnehmung, Kommunikation und Informationsmaterialien(2024) Heidenreich, Anna; Deppermann, Lara-Heléne; Thieken, Annegret H.; Otto, Antje**Hintergrund und Ziel** Hitze und Starkregen können negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit von Menschen auch in Deutschland haben. Insbesondere vulnerable Gruppen wie Kinder und Ältere sind einem erhöhten Risiko ausgesetzt und bedürfen der besonderen Vorsorge. Diese Arbeit untersucht, wie Gefahren durch Hitze und Starkregen in der kommunalen Verwaltung und bei Trägern von Kindertagesstätten und Pflegeeinrichtungen wahrgenommen werden und inwiefern hierzu ein Austausch zwischen kommunaler Ebene und Einrichtungen stattfindet. Eigens entwickelte Informationsmaterialien mit Handlungsempfehlungen zur Anpassung an Hitze und Starkregen, die sich an Einrichtungen richten, werden evaluiert. **Methoden** Im Sommer 2021 fand eine quantitative Befragung von insgesamt 333 Teilnehmenden aus Stadtverwaltungen, Trägern und Einrichtungen (Kindertagesstätten und Pflegeeinrichtungen) statt. Zur statistischen Auswertung wurden deskriptive Analysen und Varianzanalysen durchgeführt. **Ergebnisse** Die Risikowahrnehmung und auch das Handlungswissen bzgl. Hitze fielen höher als hinsichtlich Starkregen aus. Die Handlungsabsicht, Einrichtungen Unterstützung zur Anpassung aufzuzeigen, war bzgl. Hitze ebenfalls größer. Die Mehrheit der Befragten aus Stadtverwaltungen und von Trägern stand mit Einrichtungen über verschiedene Wege im Austausch und kommunizierte u. a. über die genannten Naturgefahren. Das Informationsmaterial wurde mehrheitlich positiv bewertet. **Diskussion** Die Einrichtungen werden in Hinblick auf Hitze als stark betroffen angesehen. Die Sensibilisierung hinsichtlich Starkregens bedarf stärkerer Förderung. Die Rückmeldungen zu dem Informationsmaterial machen einen hohen Bedarf in diesem Bereich deutlich.
- ItemPerformance of the flood warning system in Germany in July 2021 – insights from affected residents(2023) Thieken, Annegret H.; Bubeck, Philip; Heidenreich, Anna; Von Keyserlingk, Jennifer; Dillenardt, Lisa; Otto, AntjeAbstract. In July 2021 intense rainfall caused devastating floods in western Europe and 184 fatalities in the German federal states of North Rhine-Westphalia (NW) and Rhineland-Palatinate (RP), calling into question their flood forecasting, warning and response system (FFWRS). Data from an online survey (n=1315) reveal that 35 % of the respondents from NW and 29 % from RP did not receive any warning. Of those who were warned, 85 % did not expect very severe flooding and 46 % reported a lack of situational knowledge on protective behaviour. Regression analysis reveals that this knowledge is influenced not only by gender and flood experience but also by the content and the source of the warning message. The results are complemented by analyses of media reports and official warnings that show shortcomings in providing adequate recommendations to people at risk. Still, the share of people who did not report any emergency response is low and comparable to other flood events. However, the perceived effectiveness of the protective behaviour was low and mainly compromised by high water levels and the perceived level of surprise about the flood magnitude. Good situational knowledge and a higher number of previously experienced floods were linked to performing more effective loss-reducing action. Dissemination of warnings, clearer communication of the expected flood magnitude and recommendations on adequate responses to a severe flood, particularly with regard to flash and pluvial floods, are seen as major entry points for improving the FFWRS in Germany.
- ItemPredictive Policing – Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme am Beispiel der Dimension Raum(2023) Mehner, Caroline; Fernholz, Yannick; Fabian, Benjamin; Ermakova, TatianaDieser Beitrag bietet eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme des Predictive Policing am Beispiel der Dimension Raum. Unter Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Entwicklungen des europäischen AI-Acts werden Maßnahmen und Methoden beleuchtet und aus ethischer Perspektive reflektiert und diskutiert. Das methodische Fundament bildet eine systematische Literaturanalyse anhand einer Korpusanalyse zu Techniken des Predictive Policing. Es werden vorhandene wissenschaftliche Vorarbeiten vorgestellt und ethische Fragestellungen im Zusammenhang mit der Verwendung von Daten für Predictive Policing untersucht. Der Beitrag eröffnet wichtige Fragen, die es weiter zu erforschen gilt. Die aktuellen Entwicklungen im Rahmen des AI-Acts bestätigen die Relevanz der Thematik.
- ItemShaping uncertain journeys into digital futures - perspectives on the digital and socio-ecological transformation(Nomos, 2025) Ullrich, André; Kox, Thomas; Zech, Herbert; Kox, Thomas; Ullrich, André; Zech, Herbert
- Item“They just won't listen”—The role of blame in narratives of past extreme weather events for anticipating future crisis(2023) Jasmina, Schmidt; Nikola, Tietze; Lars, Gerhold; Thomas, KoxThe phase before an extreme weather event is crucial for the actual reaction to the impacts of such an event. In this phase, professionals in the field of civil protection and emergency management anticipate the intensity and impact of the event and use these expectations for action. We argue that anticipation is—beyond others—shaped by the organizations’ shared narratives of past crisis that resulted from extreme weather events. The findings focus on the frame of ‘blame’ in the narration and are based on two fields of study, road maintenance services and forest fire control. Qualitative group discussions and semistructured interviews show two very different views on blame depending on the organization: human factors and fate. This contrast can be traced back to the character of the weather events itself, but also with the self‐image of the organization and perceived external expectations. Depending on the narrative plot and threshold of the event, narratives can affect and alter practices of anticipation through narrations of renewal. Findings contribute to the understanding of organizational sensemaking through narratives of blame and consequences.
- ItemUncertain Journeys into Digital Futures: Inter- and Transdisciplinary Research for Mitigating Wicked Societal and Environmental Problems(Nomos, 2025) Kox, Thomas; Ullrich, André; Zech, HerbertThe Weizenbaum Institute organised its sixth Annual Conference on the topic of “Uncertain journeys into digital futures” in Berlin in June 2024. The conference focused on the challenge of the digital transformation and the socio-ecological transformation of society which are closely interlinked and crucial for prospering futures of humanity. Challenges include the protection of people, democratic institutions and the environment, as well as enabling participation in shaping changes and an inclusive and fair life. Relevant topics for addressing these challenges are smart cities and urban transformation, digital technologies for sustainability, social justice, governance and citizen participation as well as ideas and visions of the future.
- ItemUnderstanding internet censorship in europe: The case of spain(Association for Computing Machinery, 2021) Ververis, Vasilis; Ermakova, Tatiana; Isaakidis, Marios; Basso, Simone; Fabian, Benjamin; Milan, StefaniaEuropean Union (EU) member states consider themselves bulwarks of democracy and freedom of speech. However, there is a lack of empirical studies assessing possible violations of these principles in the EU through Internet censorship. This work starts addressing this research gap by investigating Internet censorship in Spain over 2016-2020, including the controversial 2017 Catalan independence referendum. We focus, in particular, on network interference disrupting the regular operation of Internet services or contents. We analyzed the data collected by the Open Observatory of Network Interference (OONI) network measurement tool. The measurements targeted civil rights defending websites, secure communication tools, extremist political content, and information portals for the Catalan referendum. Our analysis indicates the existence of advanced network interference techniques that grow in sophistication over time. Internet Service Providers (ISPs) initially introduced information controls for a clearly defined legal scope (i.e., copyright infringement). Our research observed that such information controls had been rpurposed (e.g., to target websites supporting the referendum). We present evidence of network interference from all the major ISPs in Spain, serving 91% of mobile and 98% of broadband users and several governmental and law enforcement authorities. In these measurements, we detected 16 unique blockpages, 2 Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) vendors, and 78 blocked websites. We also contribute an enhanced domain testing methodology to detect certain kinds of Transport Layer Security (TLS) blocking that OONI could not initially detect. In light of our experience analyzing this dataset, we also make suggestions on improving the collection of evidence of network interference.
- ItemUser-driven prioritization of ethical principles for artificial intelligence systems(2024) Fernholz, Yannick; Ermakova, Tatiana; Fabian, B.; Buxmann, PeterDespite the progress of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its contribution to the advancement of human society, the prioritization of ethical principles from the viewpoint of its users has not yet received much attention and empirical investigations. This is important to develop appropriate safeguards and increase the acceptance of AI-mediated technologies among all members of society. In this research, we collected, integrated, and prioritized ethical principles for AI systems with respect to their relevance in different real-life application scenarios. First, an overview of ethical principles for AI was systematically derived from various academic and non-academic sources. Our results clearly show that transparency, justice and fairness, non-maleficence, responsibility, and privacy are most frequently mentioned in this corpus of documents. Next, an empirical survey to systematically identify users’ priorities was designed and conducted in the context of selected scenarios: AI-mediated recruitment (human resources), predictive policing, autonomous vehicles, and hospital robots. We anticipate that the resulting ranking can serve as a valuable basis for formulating requirements for AI-mediated solutions and creating AI algorithms that prioritize user’s needs. Our target audience includes everyone who will be affected by AI systems, e.g., policy makers, algorithm developers, and system managers as our ranking clearly depicts user’s awareness regarding AI ethics.
- ItemWebsite blocking in the European Union: Network interference from the perspective of Open Internet(2024) Ververis, Vasilis; Lasota, Lucas; Ermakova, Tatiana; Fabian, BenjaminBy establishing an infrastructure for monitoring and blocking networks in accordance with European Union (EU) law on preventive measures against the spread of information, EU member states have also made it easier to block websites and services and monitor information. While relevant studies have documented Internet censorship in non‐European countries, as well as the use of such infrastructures for political reasons, this study examines network interference practices such as website blocking against the backdrop of an almost complete lack of EU‐related research. Specifically, it performs and demonstrates an analysis for the total of 27 EU countries based on three different sources. They include first, tens of millions of historical network measurements collected in 2020 by Open Observatory of Network Interference volunteers from around the world; second, the publicly available blocking lists used by EU member states; and third, the reports issued by network regulators in each country from May 2020 to April 2021. Our results show that authorities issue multiple types of blocklists. Internet Service Providers limit access to different types and categories of websites and services. Such resources are sometimes blocked for unknown reasons and not included in any of the publicly available blocklists. The study concludes with the hurdles related to network measurements and the nontransparency from regulators regarding specifying website addresses in blocking activities.