Organisation von Wissen. Zwischen Offenheit und Exklusivität

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https://www.weizenbaum-library.de/handle/id/308

Dieser Forschungsschwerpunkt beschäftigt sich mit Fragen zur Arbeitswelt, dem Bildungssystem und der Wissenschaft. Vor allem: Wie offen bzw. exklusiv werden Daten und Wissen hier verarbeitet und organisiert? Dabei wird auf Perspektiven aus der Informatik, Wirtschaftsinformatik, Soziologie und Innovationsforschung zurückgegriffen.

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A Decentralized Provenance Network for Linked Open Data
(2019) Kirstein, Fabian; Qiao, Miao; Dragoni, Mauro
With the growing availability of Linked Open Data (LOD) and the consequential generation of derived and aggregated data, the need for trustworthy, reproducible and accessible provenance informa- tion has increased. Yet, no consistent mechanism has been established to manage provenance data of LOD on a global dataset-level. Decentralized networks and peer-to-peer mechanisms have made their revival in the last years with blockchain and similar distributed ledger technologies. We propose a novel approach to track and store provenance information for LOD on a dataset-level by sharing an immutable, common state between data providers. The basic architecture will not disrupt existing methodologies and standards for publishing LOD, but will be transparently integrated into existing ecosystems as an additional layer to foster broad acceptance. We will investigate the application of emerging blockchain technologies and established Linked Data specifications for building this decentralized anchor of truth. We are actively involved in the design and implementation of LOD and Open Data platforms and will evaluate our approach in real-world scenarios regarding feasibility, governance, scalability and usability.
Quantification 2.0? Bibliometric Infrastructures in Academic Evaluation
(2020) Krüger, Anne K.
Due to developments recently termed as ‘audit,’ ‘evaluation,’ or ‘metric society,’ universities have become subject to rat- ings and rankings and researchers are evaluated according to standardized quantitative indicators such as their publication output and their personal citation scores. Yet, this development is not only based on the rise of new public management and ideas on ‘the return on public or private investment.’ It has also profited from ongoing technological developments. Due to a massive increase in digital publishing corresponding with the growing availability of related data bibliometric infrastructures for evaluating science are continuously becoming more differentiated and elaborate. They allow for new ways of using bibliometric data through various easily applicable tools. Furthermore, they also produce new quantities of data due to new possibilities in following the digital traces of scientific publications. In this article, I discuss this develop- ment as quantification 2.0. The rise of digital infrastructures for publishing, indexing, and managing scientific publications has not only made bibliometric data become a valuable source for performance assessment. It has triggered an unprece- dented growth in bibliometric data production turning freely accessible data about scientific work into edited databases and producing competition for its users. The production of bibliometric data has thus become decoupled from their appli- cation. Bibliometric data have turned into a self-serving end while their providers are constantly seeking for new tools to make use of them.
Data and Digital Platforms in Industry: Implication for enterprises strategies and governance
(Weizenbaum Institute, 2021) Butollo, Florian; Schneidemesser, Lea
This article explores the position of industrial internet platforms (IIP) in manufacturing value chains. We develop an understanding of the role of data in global value chains (GVCs), referring to literature on intangible assets and theories on platform business models. We use data from a qualitative empirical study based on 45 interviews on platforms active on the German market to answer (1) whether there are tendencies of oligopolization that lead to an accumulation of power on the side of the platforms, and (2) whether it is the platforms that capture most of the gains derived from higher productivity or lower transaction costs. The analysis shows that platforms mainly act as service providers and/or intermediaries that support manufacturing companies in reaping benefits from data. While the relationship between platforms and manufacturers currently corresponds to a symbiosis, a stronger power imbalance could evolve in the future since processes of oligopolization are likely.
Riskante Retweets: „Predictive Risk Intelligence“ und Interessenvertretung in globalen Wertschöpfungsnetzwerken
(2021) Heimstädt, Maximilian; Dobusch, Leonhard
Soziale Medien spielen eine paradoxe Rolle für Interessenvertretung in globalen Wertschöpfungsnetzwerken. Zum einen bieten Social-Media-Plattformen Arbeitnehmer*innen und Gewerkschaften die Möglichkeit der Mobilisierung über geografische und institutionelle Distanzen hinweg. Zum anderen lassen diese Plattformen aber auch zu, dass Dritte die digitalen Spuren dieser Kommunikation über Interessenvertretung (z. B. Tweets) extrahieren und verarbeiten. Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es, eine Form dieser Verarbeitung – „Predictive Risk Intelligence“ – als neuen Forschungsgegenstand einzuführen. Anbieter von Predictive Risk Intelligence erstellen, basierend auf Social-Media-Daten, Vorhersagen über Ereignisse wie Streiks und Proteste. Diese Vorhersagen stellen sie anderen Akteuren – beispielsweise Unternehmen – als Dienstleistung zur Verfügung. In diesem Beitrag nähern wir uns dem neuen Forschungsgegenstand über eine Fallstudie zu einem Anbieter dieser Dienstleistung. Ausgehend von der Fallstudie entwickeln wir eine Reihe an Forschungsfragen in Bezug auf etablierte und neue Akteure der Interessenvertretung in Wertschöpfungsnetz- werken. Abschließend diskutieren wir Lösungsansätze für methodische Herausforderungen des neuen Forschungsgegenstandes.
Ronda. Real-Time Data Provision, Processing and Publication for Open Data
(Springer International Publishing, 2021) Kirstein, Fabian; Bacher, Dario; Bohlen, Vincent; Schimmler, Sonja; Scholl, Hans Jochen; Gil-Garcia, J. Ramon; Janssen, Marijn; Kalampokis, Evangelos; Lindgren, Ida; Rodríguez Bolívar, Manuel Pedro
The provision and dissemination of Open Data is a flourishing concept, which is highly recognized and established in the government and public administrations domains. Typically, the actual data is served as static file downloads, such as CSV or PDF, and the established software solutions for Open Data are mostly designed to manage this kind of data. However, the rising popularity of the Internet of things and smart devices in the public and private domain leads to an increase of available real-time data, like public transportation schedules, weather forecasts, or power grid data. Such timely and extensive data cannot be used to its full potential when published in a static, file-based fashion. Therefore, we designed and developed Ronda - an open source platform for gathering, processing and publishing real-time Open Data based on industry-proven and established big data and data processing tools. Our solution easily enables Open Data publishers to provide real-time interfaces for heterogeneous data sources, fostering more sophisticated and advanced Open Data use cases. We have evaluated our work through a practical application in a production environment.
Editorial: Volume 2, Issue 1
(Weizenbaum Institute, 2022) Emmer, Martin; Krasnova, Hanna; Krzywdzinski, Martin; Metzger, Axel; Schimmler, Sonja; Ulbricht, Lena
This second issue of the Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society brings together four contributions that examine the role of actors and regulation in processes of digitalization from the perspective of different disciplines. The topics include the role of the Silicon Valley discourse on entrepreneurship in legitimizing a specific model of work in the IT industry, the particularities of the European platform regulation approach, the development and enforcement problems of copyright liability regulation in Germany, and the development and regulation of automation processes in the workplace.
Using Metaphorical Design to Reveal New Perspectives in Systems Design – Insights From a Participatory Design Workshop for Research Data Platforms
(Association for Computing Machinery, 2022) Weiß, Veronika; Schimmler, Sonja; Preim, Bernhard; Müller-Birn, Claudia
Metaphorical design is a Participatory Design technique suitable for problem setting and concept development. The technique can be particularly constructive when designing (computer) systems in an already digitalized environment. In such contexts, designers might be tempted to draw on readily available technical solutions, thus hampering the discovery of new perspectives. Our use case is the development of a research data platform that aims to provide innovative functionality, especially for assessing and exploring digital resources. We developed a participatory workshop format adapting metaphorical design that first creates a shared understanding of the context and then guides participants to generate metaphors using a projective technique. We show how we used these metaphors to understand the participants’ model of the research data platform, to identify possible domains of activities, and to stimulate new viewpoints on the research data platform and its functionality. With this paper, we provide an application example of the adapted metaphorical design process, propose a metaphor evaluation matrix, and discuss the findings.
Deglobalization, Reconfiguration, or Business as Usual? COVID-19 and the limits of reshoring of globalized production
(Weizenbaum Institute, 2022) Butollo, Florian; Staritz, Cornelia
The COVID-19 pandemic has seemingly reinforced the need for geographic restructuring and a rehoring of production, as it has demonstrated the vulnerability of globalized production. This article provides an assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the geographies of production, looking particularly at developments in the automotive, electronics, and clothing industries. Criticizing overly simplified prospects for deglobalization, we argue that the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be interpreted as a trigger for a general retreat from global manufacturing but rather as an event that is reinforcing long-standing shifts toward more multipolar production and consumption. While the issue of global production network resilience has attracted great attention in corporate strategies and industrial policies, re- or nearshoring of production networks is only one of several strategies and it has hardly been implemented so far. Ongoing disruptions and, above all, geoeconomically/-politically and environmentally motivated policies could well lead to a shift in investment and sourcing patterns. Political efforts in this direction are, however, limited by pre-existing global economic development paths and the balance of power associated with them.
Van Alst, Niklas (2021): Die USA, Deutschland und der Fall Huawei. Zur Geopolitik und Geoökonomie des Internets: Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich
(2022) Schneidemesser, Lea
Rezension
A multidimensional and analytical perspective on Open Educational Practices in the 21st century
(2022) Brandenburger, Bonny
Participatory approaches to teaching and learning are experiencing a new lease on life in the 21st century as a result of the rapid technology development. Knowledge, practices, and tools can be shared across spatial and temporal boundaries in higher education by means of Open Educational Resources, Massive Open Online Courses, and open-source technologies. In this context, the Open Education Movement calls for new didactic approaches that encourage greater learner participation in formal higher education. Based on a representative literature review and focus group research, in this study an analytical framework was developed that enables researchers and practitioners to assess the form of participation in formal, collaborative teaching and learning practices. The analytical framework is focused on the micro-level of higher education, in particular on the interaction between students and lecturers when organizing the curriculum. For this purpose, the research reflects anew on the concept of participation, taking into account existing stage models for participation in the educational context. These are then brought together with the dimensions of teaching and learning processes, such as methods, objectives and content, etc. This paper aims to make a valuable contribution to the opening up of learning and teaching, and expands the discourse around possibilities for interpreting Open Educational Practices.
Toward a Socioeconomic Company-Level Theory of Automation at Work
(Weizenbaum Institute, 2022) Krzywdzinski, Martin
The current understanding of automation is dominated by “routine-biased technological change” (RBTC). This theory predicts a strong automation dynamic in jobs with high routine-task share and a polarization of employment structures. While RBTC theory has many merits, this paper develops a systematic critique of the theory and a counter-proposal of a socioeconomically grounded company-level theory of the automation of work. It distinguishes between feasibility conditions of automation, technology choices, and social outcomes. With regard to feasibility conditions, the relevant factor is not routine-task intensity but the interaction between product architecture (product complexity) and process complexity. Which technology choices are made in this feasibility space is in turn influenced by companies’ profit strategies and power relations between management and labor. The social outcomes of automation depend on these technology choices, but also on managerial strategies pursued in the restructuring of organizational roles and skills. These managerial strategies are shaped by national institutional systems.
How Research Data Management Plans Can Help in Harmonizing Open Science and Approaches in the Digital Economy
(2022) Salazar, Abel; Wentzel, Bianca; Schimmler, Sonja; Gläser, Roger; Hanf, Schirin; Schunk, Stephan A.
Within this perspective article, we intend to summarise definitions and terms that are often used in the context of open science and data-driven R&D and we discuss upcoming European regulations concerning data, data sharing and handling. With this background in hand, we take a closer look at the potential connections and permeable interfaces of open science and digital economy, in which data and resulting immaterial goods can become vital pieces as tradeable items. We believe that both science and the digital economy can profit from a seamless transition and foresee that the scientific outcomes of publicly funded research can be better exploited. To close the gap between open science and the digital economy, and to serve for a balancing of the interests of data producers, data consumers, and an economy around services and the public, we introduce the concept of generic research data management plans (RDMs), which have in part been developed through a community effort and which have been evaluated by academic and industry members of the NFDI4Cat consortium. We are of the opinion that in data-driven research, RDMs do need to become a vital element in publicly funded projects
A Pragmatic Way to Open Management Research and Education: Playfulness, Ambiguity, and Deterritorialization
(2022) de Vaujany, François-Xavier; Heimstädt, Maximilian
The open science movement has reached management research and education. Around the world, management scholars discuss, probe, and evaluate ways to make their work practices less ‘closed’ and more ‘open.’ However, how exactly such new work practices change management knowledge and teaching depends, to a large extent, on practitioners’ philosophical interpretation of ‘openness.’ Today, openness in management research and education is mainly interpreted as a feature of the input to or output from knowledge work. These interpretations conceive of research and education as relatively stable entities which can be opened at some clearly defined points. Our study aims to unsettle this conception and propose a new and more radical interpretation of openness. We propose to reconsider openness via the processual approach of American Pragmatism and thereby in a sense that dispenses with requiring the predisposition of research and education as stable entities. Via this interpretation of openness, management research and education can be transformed into a co-productive democratic movement which can bring about knowledge commons interwoven with true managerial and societal problems. To offer a first description of openness as a process that can transform management research and education, we analyze ethnographic material from two types of pragmatist experiments, which the first author facilitated between 2016 and 2021. We identify three key dimensions in the process of opening research and education: playfulness, ambiguity, and deterritorialization. Our study advances debates on the question of how management research can be more immediately helpful to management practitioners and students’ concerns.
FAIREST: A Framework for Assessing Research Repositories
(2022) d’Aquin, Mathieu; Kirstein, Fabian; Oliveira, Daniela; Schimmler, Sonja; Urbanek, Sebastian
The open science movement has gained significant momentum within the last few years. This comes along with the need to store and share research artefacts, such as publications and research data. For this purpose, research repositories need to be established. A variety of solutions exist for implementing such repositories, covering diverse features, ranging from custom depositing workflows to social media-like functions. In this article, we introduce the FAIREST principles, a framework inspired by the well-known FAIR principles, but designed to provide a set of metrics for assessing and selecting solutions for creating digital repositories for research artefacts. The goal is to support decision makers in choosing such a solution when planning for a repository, especially at an institutional level. The metrics included are therefore based on two pillars: (1) an analysis of established features and functionalities, drawn from existing dedicated, general purpose and commonly used solutions, and (2) a literature review on general requirements for digital repositories for research artefacts and related systems. We further describe an assessment of 11 widespread solutions, with the goal to provide an overview of the current landscape of research data repository solutions, identifying gaps and research challenges to be addressed.
Zwischen Wissenschaft, Praxis und Politik: Wie Juristen Gesetzgebungsverfahren in Fachzeitschriften begleiten
(2022) Metzger, Axel; Schrör, Simon
Die Rechtswissenschaft setzt sich in Zeiten transparenter Gesetzgebungsverfahren umfassend mit den Entwürfen und Vorschlägen für Gesetze und Richtlinien auseinander. Dadurch werden Wissenschaftler zu Sprechern im Diskurs mit Interessenverbänden, Rechtspraktikerinnen und Politikern, die sich während eines Gesetzgebungsverfahrens öffentlich zu Wort melden. Auch wenn sich Wissenschaft und Praxis damit in einem Diskursraum begegnen, so sind die methodischen Anforderungen an Beiträge zu diesem Diskurs doch nicht deckungsgleich. Für Beiträge mit wissenschaftlichem Anspruch können höhere Rationalitätsanforderungen gestellt werden als für jene mit rechtspraktischem Hintergrund. Die Beiträge zu laufenden Gesetzgebungsverfahren in juristischen Fachzeitschriften zeichnen jedoch ein verschwommenes Bild mit unklaren Grenzen zwischen den Rollen der Autoren und den methodischen Grundsätzen. Der Artikel betrachtet den gesetzgebungsbegleitenden Diskurs in juristischen Fachzeitschrif- ten aus der Perspektive der Diskurstheorie des Rechts und der juristischen Methodenlehre. Hierzu wird das empirische Beispiel der Reform des Europäischen Urheberrechts diskursanalytisch untersucht. Bei dieser politisch und gesellschaftlich umstrittenen Reform wurde von verschiedenen Akteuren, aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und mit divergierenden Interessen um Deutungen, Setzungen und Interpretationen der Reform und ihrer Folgen gerungen. Anhand dieses Falles zeigt der vorliegende Beitrag das Verhältnis wissenschaftlicher und praktischer Diskursbeiträge auf und diskutiert theoretisch untermauerte Anforderungen an Gesetzgebungsverfahren-begleitende Diskurse in der Rechtswissenschaft.
Imprinting the economy: The structural power of venture capital
(2022) Cooiman, Franziska
This article analytically links asset management and the digital economy by analyzing the structural power of venture capital (VC) investors. Therefore, I propose the notion of imprinting, which describes how financial actors, enabled by their structural position, shape businesses according to their specific logic. Concretely, I argue that VCs’ logic is one of assetization, whereby VCs turn startups into assets for themselves and their capital providers. To do so, VCs seek hypergrowth, selecting only companies with the potential to grow fast and large and decouple financial value from business fundamentals. Instead of the threat of exit, VCs establish direct and indirect channels of control: legally, via preferred shareholder rights, board seats, and payout conditionality; and as participatory capital, offering operational advice and access to their network. The article contributes to a nuanced understanding of financial sector power in contemporary capitalism.
Umkämpfte Globalisierung: Amerikanische und europäische Reaktionen auf Chinas Aufstieg im Hochtechnologiebereich
(2022) Schmalz, Stefan; Gräf, Helena; Köncke, Philipp; Schneidemesser, Lea
Der Aufstieg Chinas hat zu einer Reihe von Konflikten mit den führenden westlichen Ländern geführt. Der Hintergrund dieser Auseinandersetzungen besteht darin, dass chinesische Konzerne zu ernsthaften Konkurrenten US-amerikanischer und europäischer Unternehmen geworden sind und die Ordnungsvorstellungen von US- und EU-Machteliten auf der einen und jene Chinas auf der anderen Seite auseinanderdriften. Denn in China sind politische und wirtschaftliche Macht anders organisiert als in den westlichen Marktwirtschaften: Der Parteistaat ist (Teil‑)Eigentümer wichtiger Unternehmen und interveniert offen mit Fünfjahresplänen in die Volkswirtschaft. Die Kommunistische Partei Chinas ist als Regulationsinstanz in Unternehmen präsent. Gleichzeitig organisiert der Parteistaat seine Herrschaft durch Output-Legitimität und funktioniert vielerorts als kennziffergesteuertes, meritokratisches System. Die Expansion des hybriden chinesischen Parteistaatskapitalismus führt deshalb zu einem neuen Systemkonflikt: Wirtschaftlich werden aufstrebende chinesische (Staats‑)Unternehmen zu Konkurrenten, politisch wird die Kontrolle von sensiblen Datenströmen und Infrastrukturnetzwerken zum Streitpunkt. In dem Artikel werden aktuelle Konfliktdynamiken zwischen den USA und China einerseits und der EU und China andererseits in den Bereichen Außenhandel, Investitionen, Hochtechnologie und Industriepolitik aus der Perspektive der Vergleichenden Politischen Ökonomie und des Weltsystemansatzes untersucht. Es werden jeweils Unterschiede in den Reaktionen herausgearbeitet: Die USA setzten auf eine aggressive Handels- und Sanktionspolitik, während die EU mit defensiveren Maßnahmen reagiert hat. Es wird gezeigt, wie diese Konflikte Chinas staatsgetriebene Globalisierungsstrategie verändern und zur Restrukturierung der Weltwirtschaft beitragen.
A Translation Service for Open Data Portals
(2022) Urbanek, Sebastian; Schimmler, Sonja
There exists a huge variety of Open Data portals, some of them providing just a handful, and others tens of thousands of datasets. The datasets they provide are expected to be supplied with metadata describing them. However, this metadata is typically available in one or two languages only, and, if translations exist, they are usually added manually. To build an inclusive data infrastructure, metadata should be available in as many languages as possible. The paper presents an approach for automatic translation of metadata within Open Data portals, based on Semantic Web technologies and using the metadata standard DCAT-AP. Based on this approach, new functionalities are possible, such as enabling users to search for datasets in their native language. The approach was implemented for and tested within a practical application in a production environment.
From Research Evaluation to Research Analytics. The digitization of academic performance measurement
(2022) Krüger, Anne K.; Petersohn, Sabrina
One could think that bibliometric measurement of academic performance has always been digital since the computer-assisted invention of the Science Citation Index. Yet, since the 2000s, the digitization of bibliometric infrastructure has accelerated at a rapid pace. Citation databases are indexing an increasing variety of publication types. Altmetric data aggregators are producing data on the reception of research outcomes. Machine-readable persistent identifiers are created to unambiguously identify researchers, research organizations, and research objects; and evaluative software tools and current research information systems are constantly enlarging their functionalities to make use of these data and extract meaning from them. In this article, we analyse how these developments in evaluative bibliometrics have contributed to an extension of indicator-based research evaluation towards data-driven research analytics. Drawing on empirical material from blogs and websites as well as from research and policy papers, we discuss how interoperability, scalability, and flexibility as material specificities of digital infrastructures generate new ways of data production and their assessment, which affect the possibilities of how academic performance can be understood and (e)valuated.
Open 5G campus networks: key drivers for 6G innovations
(2022) Emmelmann, Marc; Corici, Marius; Eichhorn, Fabian; Hauswirth, Manfred; Magedanz, Thomas
5G was designed to enable and unify Industrial Internet communication. Emerging 5G campus networks, in particular, provide a flexible communication infrastructure option addressing the specific needs of industry verticals regarding low latency, resilience, security, and operation models. Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Edge Computing have paved the way for vendor-independent, customized, and scalable network designs for the past decade. Today, Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) principles extend this architectural thinking toward an innovative and open 5G end-to-end infrastructure. 5G campus networks, in particular, might benefit from this envisaged openness. One key driver for boosting the global interest in private campus networks was the allocation of a dedicated 5G spectrum in Germany in 2019. In addition to permanent spectrum allocations for static campus network deployments, nomadic ad hoc campus network deployments using novel mechanisms, such as dynamic spectrum access and trading, also emerge. Both network types are enabled by the inherent flexibility of combining or disaggregating the desired open 5G RAN and core components in appropriate network deployments. Building upon years of experience in developing and operating 5G network cores and 5G testbeds, the authors provide an overview of the emerging global campus network market, available spectrum options, use cases for nomadic campus network deployments, and the need for open campus networks and open end-to-end technology testbeds. Utilizing the Fraunhofer FOKUS Open5GCore, the 5G Playground testbed, and the 5G+ Nomadic Node as examples, the paper sketches a blueprint for campus networks for international, applied research and development. Ending with an outlook on the evolution of campus networks, namely the transition toward higher spectrums and the integration of non-terrestrial networks, but also the adoption of more agile software principles and the deeper integration of AI/ML technologies for network control and management, it will become obvious that open campus network innovations will pave the way toward 6G.

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