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- ItemThe Effects of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on Employment and Wages in Korean Manufacturing Firms(Weizenbaum Institute, 2025-04-17) Jeong, Jun Ho; Jo, Hyung JeThis article analyzes the effects of two key automation technologies – artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics – on employment and wages in Korean manufacturing since the late 2010s. Drawing on firm-level data from the Survey of Business Activities and individual wage data from the Local Labor Force Survey, the analysis explores both firm- and worker-level impacts. Adoption of these technologies is concentrated in large firms within the electronics and automotive sectors. Robotics has been widely implemented, primarily for cost reduction, safety enhancement, and union avoidance, whereas AI adoption remains limited but is gradually expanding. The results reveal contrasting effects: AI adoption is associated with job creation and wage growth, while robotics tends to reduce both employment and wages – an outcome that diverges from findings in existing firm-level studies. These negative effects appear to stem from Korea’s institutional context, where automation – particularly robotics – is frequently employed to reduce labor costs rather than to enhance productivity, as well as from diminishing marginal returns in industries with long-standing automation. Importantly, these wage effects persist even when U.S.-based automation exposure measures are applied, suggesting broader applicability. However, the findings underscore that the economic impact of automation depends significantly on the motivations and strategies behind its adoption. In the case of Korean manufacturing, capital-biased automation driven by robotics has contributed mainly to labor displacement without generating substantial productivity gains, reflecting Acemoglu and Restrepo’s (2018) notion of ‘so-so automation.’
- ItemThe Politics of Risk in the Digital Services Act: A Stakeholder Mapping and Research Agenda(Weizenbaum Institute, 2025-04-17) Griffin, RachelThe EU’s 2022 Digital Services Act requires large online platforms to regularly assess and mitigate ‘systemic risks’ to various public-interest goals, including fundamental rights, civic discourse, public health and security. Drawing on social constructionist understandings of risk, this article theorizes systemic risk management under the DSA as an arena for political power and contestation, since translating its broadly-defined abstract principles into actionable risk management procedures will entail making many contestable political decisions about how online platforms should be governed. This raises the question: who will exercise power in these decision-making processes? Providing some first answers to this question, this article makes three key contributions. First, it maps the key stakeholder groups involved, and the legal and institutional mechanisms through which they can participate in DSA systemic risk management. Second, it critically analyzes the power dynamics and unequal resources that will structure stakeholder participation. Third, this stakeholder mapping provides a foundation for future research on the politics of DSA systemic risks. The article concludes with reflections on directions for future research on the political agendas, priorities and strategies that shape platform governance.
- ItemAutomation and Its Impact on Productivity and Workers: Lessons from the History of the Car Industry(Weizenbaum Institute, 2025-04-17) Jürgens, UlrichThis article explores the historical development and impact of automation in the automotive industry, focusing on the production systems of Ford, Toyota, and Volkswagen, and addresses two key research questions: How has automation evolved over time? What are its effects on productivity and labor? Drawing on company archives, empirical fieldwork, and the existing literature, the study uses a wcase study approach. The findings reveal that automation progressed in uneven, layered trajectories rather than through disruptive leaps. While machining, press, and paint shops have become highly automated, final assembly remains largely manual. Automation’s influence on productivity has declined over time, with product complexity and shorter model cycles emerging as constraints. Employment effects are nuanced, and shaped by automation, outsourcing, and customization trends. Ultimately, the study cautions against deterministic views of technological change and highlights the persistent role of organizational and institutional factors. The transition to electric vehicles may trigger further automation – but not necessarily through disruptive technologies alone.
- ItemDemocratic Oversight of Government Hacking by Intelligence Agencies: A Critical Analysis of Brazil and Germany(Weizenbaum Institute, 2025-04-17) André RamiroRegulating intelligence services is a challenge for modern societies worldwide. Their very modus operandi relies on tight secrecy protocols for the information gathered, internationally and domestically. Evolving surveillance techniques include exploiting the vulnerabilities of digital services, dealing on unregulated surveillance markets, and developing tailored tools. Theoretically, these actions aim at the public interest by, for instance, anticipating terrorist attacks or dismantling pedophilia networks. Nevertheless, they are increasingly used to surveil civil society without proper and demonstrated necessity or proportionality. Given the demand for increased transparency and accountability for intelligence agencies, especially when using hacking technologies, what institutional design and civic participation avenues for oversight may be proposed? How can (existing and yet-to-exist) institutions improve democratic external oversight activities in this realm? Through a comparison of Germany’s and Brazil’s legal frameworks and institutional ecosystems, the paper critically explores the meaning of “democratic oversight” of intelligence agencies, specifically observing oversight models for hacking operations. Looking at previous contributions by intelligence studies scholars in these countries and globally, the paper offers a critical-comparative analysis of institutional and political architectures to assess the levels of democratic participation. On this basis, it makes recommendations for both countries, which can be appropriated by external intelligence oversight bodies.
- ItemDisinformation Resilience in Backsliding Democracies: Media Trust, Civil Society, and Institutional Capture(Weizenbaum Institute, 2025-04-25) Peißker, Antonia; Cowburn, Mike; Klinger, UlrikeSocieties’ resilience to disinformation is often linked to democratic backsliding, but the relationships between these concepts remain poorly understood. To measure structural resilience to disinformation, we expand the framework developed for consolidated Western democracies by Humprecht et al. (2020) to democracies that are experiencing varying degrees of democratic backsliding; the Visegrád Group of Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia. Our application leads us to generate additional macro-level features that should be incorporated when thinking about disinformation resilience in states experiencing democratic backsliding. Specifically, we identify how the role of civil society operates differently depending on the level of democracy and that the value of media trust is conditioned by the degree of institutional capture, adding these complementary measures to the original framework. Our updated empirical analyses suggest that, of our cases, Slovakia had the greatest and Hungary had the least resilience to disinformation. The advancement of the framework enables its application beyond consolidated democracies by identifying additional aspects that help build structural resilience to disinformation elsewhere.