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A Pandemic of Prediction. On the Circulation of Contagion Models between Public Health and Public Safety
(2021) Heimstädt, Maximilian; Egbert, Simon; Esposito, Elena
Digital prediction tools increasingly complement or replace other practices of coping with an uncertain future. The current COVID-19 pandemic, it seems, is further accelerating the spread of prediction. The prediction of the pandemic yields a pandemic of prediction. In this paper, we explore this dynamic, focusing on contagion models and their transmission back and forth between two domains of society: public health and public safety. We connect this movement with a fundamental duality in the prevention of contagion risk concerning the two sides of being-at-risk and being-a-risk. Both in the spread of a disease and in the spread of criminal behavior, a person at risk can be a risk to others and vice versa. Based on key examples, from this perspective we observe and interpret a circular movement in three phases. In the past, contagion models have moved from public health to public safety, as in the case of the Strategic Subject List used in the policing activity of the Chicago Police Department. In the present COVID-19 pandemic, the analytic tools of policing wander to the domain of public health – exemplary of this movement is the cooperation between the data infrastructure firm Palantir and the UK government’s public health system NHS. The expectation that in the future the predictive capacities of digital contact tracing apps might spill over from public health to policing is currently shaping the development and use of tools such as the Corona-Warn-App in Germany. In all these cases, the challenge of pandemic governance lies in managing the connections and the exchanges between the two areas of public health and public safety while at the same time keeping the autonomy of each.
A review of technologies for collaborative online information seeking. On the contribution of collaborative argumentation
(2021) Mayweg-Paus, Elisabeth; Zimmermann, Maria; Le, Nguyen-Thinh; Pinkwart, Niels
In everyday life, people seek, evaluate, and use online sources to underpin opinions and make decisions. While education must promote the skills people need to critically question the sourcing of online information, it is important, more generally, to understand how to successfully promote the acquisition of any skills related to seeking online information. This review outlines technologies that aim to support users when they collaboratively seek online information. Upon integrating psychological–pedagogical approaches on trust in and the sourcing of online information, argumentation, and computer-supported collaborative learning, we reviewed the literature (N= 95 journal articles) on technologies for collaborative online information seeking. The technologies we identified either addressed collaborative online information seeking as an exclusive process for searching for online information or, alternatively, addressed online information seeking within the context of a more complex learning process. Our review was driven by three main research questions: We aimed to understand whether and how the studies considered 1) the role of trust and critical questioning in the sourcing of online information, 2) the learning processes at play when information seekers engage in collaborative argumentation, and 3) what affordances are offered by technologies that support users’ collaborative seeking of online information. The reviewed articles that focused exclusively on technologies for seeking online information primarily addressed aspects of cooperation (e.g., task management), whereas articles that focused on technologies for integrating the processes of information seeking into the entire learning processes instead highlighted aspects of collaborative argumentation (e.g., exchange of multiple perspectives and critical questioning in argumentation). Seven of the articles referred to trust as an aspect of seekers’ sourcing strategies. We emphasize how researchers’, users’, and technology developers’ consideration of collaborative argumentation could expand the benefits of technological support for seeking online information.
Algorithmic Management: Bright and Dark Sides, Practical Implications, and Research Opportunities
(2022) Benlian, Alexander; Wiener, Martin; Cram, Alec; Krasnova, Hanna; Mädche, Alexander; Möhlmann, Mareike; Recker, Jan; Remus, Ulrich
Audit - and then what? A roadmap for digitization of learning factories
(2019) Ullrich, André; Enke, Judith; Teichmann, Malte; Kreß, Antonio; Gronau, Norbert
Current trends such as digital transformation, Internet of Things, or Industry 4.0 are challenging the majority of learning factories. Regardless of whether a conventional learning factory, a model factory, or a digital learning factory, traditional approaches such as the monotonous execution of specific instructions don‘t suffice the learner’s needs, market requirements as well as especially current technological developments. Contemporary teaching environments need a clear strategy, a road to follow for being able to successfully cope with the changes and develop towards digitized learning factories. This demand driven necessity of transformation leads to another obstacle: Assessing the status quo and developing and implementing adequate action plans. Within this paper, details of a maturity-based audit of the hybrid learning factory in the Research and Application Centre Industry 4.0 and a thereof derived roadmap for the digitization of a learning factory are presented.
Beyond “Industry 4.0”. B2B factory networks as an alternative path towards the digital transformation of manufacturing and work
(2021) Butollo, Florian; Schneidemesser, Lea
This article uses theoretical and empirical evidence of variations in digitalized manufacturing to revisit Piore and Sabel’s 1984 work on flexible specialization and to criticize the inherent one-sidedness of the Industry 4.0 discourse. This is juxtaposed with empirical findings on platform-mediated business-to-business factory networks, in which flexibility is facilitated by the digital interconnection of a far-flung network of small-scale manufacturers rather than by sophisticated production technology. The effects on work are equivocal; they entail the potential for a craft-like and skill-intensive paradigm of small-scale manufacturing that can upgrade work, but also for a race to the bottom in price-sensitive industries.
Chancen und Grenzen digitaler Lehre an Hochschulen aus Studierendenperspektive. Empirische Befunde und Gestaltungshinweise
(2021) Vladova, Gergana; Ullrich, André; Bender, Benedict
The design of qualitative, excellent teaching requires collaboration between teachers and learners. For this purpose, face-to-face teaching benefits from a long-standing tradition, while digital teaching is comparatively still at the beginning of its dissemination. A major developmental step toward the digitization of teaching was achieved in the context of university teaching during the Covid 19 pandemic in spring 2020, when face-to-face teaching was interrupted for months. During this time, important insights into the opportunities and limitations of digital teaching were gained. This paper presents selected results of a study conducted at four German universities and with 875 responses in spring 2020. The study uncovers opportunities and limitations of digital teaching from the students’ perspective and against the background of their experience in the completely digital semester. The results are used as a basis for deriving design guidelines for digital teaching and learning offerings. Based on a model for analyzing the design of teaching and learning formats, these indications are structured according to the elements learners, teachers, teaching content, environment and teaching style.
College-aged Users Behavioral Strategies to Reduce Envy on Social Networking Sites: A Cross-cultural Investigation
(2019) Wenninger, Helena; Cheung, Christy; Krasnova, Hanna
Social networking sites (SNSs) are central to social interaction and information sharing in the digital age. However, consuming social information on SNSs invites social upward comparisons with highly socially desirable profile representations, which easily elicits envy in users and leads to unfavorable behaviors on SNSs. This in turn can erode the subjective well-being of users and the sustainability of the SNS platform. Therefore, this paper seeks to develop a better theoretical understanding of how users respond to envy on SNSs. We review literature on envy in offline interactions to derive three behavioral strategies to reduce envy, which we then transfer to the SNS context (self-enhancement, gossiping, and discontinuous intention). Further, we propose a research model and examine how culture, specifically individualism-collectivism, affects the relationship between envy on an SNS and the three strategies. We empirically test the variance-based structural equation model through survey data collected of Facebook users from Germany and Hong Kong. Our findings provide first insights into the link between envy on SNSs, related behavioral strategies and the moderating role of individualism for self-enhancement.
Colonialism, capital, and ressentiment
(2021) Cooiman, Franziska
Vogl’s new book relates finance to the internet industry and economics to politics. Introducing questions of colonial history and racism would further sharpen his view of the drivers and dynamics of contemporary capitalism.
Combining Experiential Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence. The Digital Transformation of a Traditional Machine-Building Company
(2022) Krzywdzinski, Martin; Butollo, Florian
The development of Industry 4.0 technologies creates leeway for the digital transformation of manufacturing companies, whose business models increasingly rely on software and data-based services. While several studies emphasise that manufacturing has no choice but to follow this transformation, there is little knowledge about how companies are actually managing it. This article uses the case study of a leading mechanical engineering company to analyse how the company organised the development of new digital technologies and how it changed its organisational structures and practices. It is based on 22 interviews and an analysis of company documents. The analysis draws on ambidexterity theory, which is extended toward a dynamic process analysis. It shows that digital transformation presupposes the development of structures and practices supporting cross-functional cooperation and the creation of new skill formation approaches. It develops a model of organisational change related to the digital transformation of manufacturing companies which includes the proof-of-concept phase, the partial exploitation phase, and the organisational transformation phase.
Creativity and Productivity In Product Design for Additive Manufacturing: Mechanisms and Platform Outcomes of Remixing
(2019) Friesike, Sascha; Flath, Christoph M.; Wirth, Marco; Thiesse, Frédéric
The present study explores the phenomenon of remixing in product design for additive manufacturing (AM). In contrast to other manufacturing techniques, AM offers unprecedented flexibility in adapting existing product designs to changing requirements. However, in order to benefit from this potential, structured design procedures and tools are indispensable. As a possible solution, online platforms for collaborative 3D model creation are increasingly implementing features for remixing, a concept describing the creation of new models on the foundation of existing design elements. Against this backdrop, the objective of this research is to provide evidence for the value of remixing as an organizational intervention for improving product design processes. To this end, we present a mixed methods approach using data from Thingiverse, the world's largest AM-related online community. In a first step, we investigate qualitative data from 81 individual remix-based designs to identify the underlying mechanisms of remixing. We identify six such mechanisms that can further be grouped by the intended outcome of the respective process (creativity-oriented: inspiration, play, learning; productivity- oriented: speed, improvement, empowerment). In a second step, we turn to a quantita- tive analysis of platform data, which indicates that remixing may lead to better design process outcomes in terms of quantity and diversity of designs. Furthermore, we find that designs created by remixing designers are significantly more often printed by com- munity members suggesting that remixing helps ensure manufacturing compatibility akin to continuous process improvement. Our research has several implications for individual designers and organizations engaging with product design for AM.
Data mining of scientific research on artificial intelligence in teaching and administration in higher education institutions: a bibliometrics analysis and recommendation for future research
(2022) Ullrich, André; Vladova, Gergana; Eigelshoven, Felix; Renz, André
Teaching and learning as well as administrative processes are still experiencing intensive changes with the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and its diverse application opportunities in the context of higher education. Therewith, the scientific interest in the topic in general, but also specific focal points rose as well. However, there is no structured overview on AI in teaching and administration processes in higher education institutions that allows to identify major research topics and trends, and concretizing peculiarities and develops recommendations for further action. To overcome this gap, this study seeks to systematize the current scientific discourse on AI in teaching and administration in higher education institutions. This study identified an (1) imbalance in research on AI in educational and administrative contexts, (2) an imbalance in disciplines and lack of interdisciplinary research, (3) inequalities in cross-national research activities, as well as (4) neglected research topics and paths. In this way, a comparative analysis between AI usage in administration and teaching and learning processes, a systematization of the state of research, an identification of research gaps as well as further research path on AI in higher education institutions are contributed to research.
Deglobalisierung, Rekonfiguration oder Business as Usual? COVID-19 und die Grenzen der Rückverlagerung globalisierter Produktion
(2022) Butollo, Florian
The economic difficulties following the COVID-19 pandemic have seemingly reinforced the need for geographic restructuring and a reshoring of production, as they have demonstrated the vulnerability of globalized production. This article provides an assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on the geographies of production. Criticizing overly simplified perspectives on globalization, the article argues that global production networks are multiscalar and politically shaped phenomena. Based on these theoretical considerations and case studies on the automotive, electronics and clothing industries, the article concludes that the COVID-19 pandemic cannot be interpreted as a trigger for a general retreat from global manufacturing, but it reinforced longer-standing shifts toward more multipolar production and consumption structures. While the issue of global production network resilience has attracted greater attention in corporate strategies and industrial policies, the localization and regionalization of production networks is only one of several strategies, and it has hardly been implemented so far. Ongoing disruptions of supply chains, increased transport costs, and, above all, geopolitically and environmentally motivated policies could well lead to greater re- or nearshoring. Political efforts in this direction are, however, limited by pre-existing global economic development paths and the balance of power associated with them. In the conclusions, the article stresses the necessity of a politically motivated restructuring of global production networks in the context of an urgently needed social-ecological transformation.
Dem Mitarbeiter zu Diensten. Weiterbildung und Qualifizierung als Personennahe Dienstleistung
(2020) Vladova, Gergana; Heuts, Alexander; Teichmann, Malte
The further training and qualification of employees are central success factors of digital change. The central challenge is to offer these customized services and not to presuppose acceptance, but rather to regard it as a target value. However, this will only happen if the employees are seen as partners and their needs and understanding are taken into account in the long term. Against this background, this article proposes an approach to realize further education as a personal service. For this purpose, a brief outline of the basic competence requirements of digital change is given first. Afterwards, the current situation of in-company continuing training in the digital transformation will be examined. A quantitative survey was conducted over a period of six months to determine how employees perceive the digital transformation of their company and the resulting needs for continuing vocational training. Based on this, three current paradoxes are derived, which can be prevented by conducting continuing education as personal service. Recommendations and solutions will be discussed and further research is needed.
Development of the Industrial IoT Competences in the Areas of Organization, Process, and Interaction Based on the Learning Factory Concept
(2017) Gronau, Norbert; Ullrich, André; Teichmann, Malte
Lately, first implementation approaches of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies penetrate industrial value-adding processes. Within this, the competence requirements for employees are changing. Employees‘ organization, process, and interaction competences are of crucial importance in this new IoT environment, however, in students and vocational training not sufficiently considered yet. On the other hand, conventional learning factories evolve and transform to digital learning factories. Nevertheless, the integration of IoT technology and its usage for training in digital learning factories has been largely neglected thus far. Existing learning factories do not explicitly and properly consider IoT technology, which leads to deficiencies regarding an appropriate development of employees‘ Industrial IoT competences. The goal of this contribution is to point out a didactic concept that enables development and training of these new demanded competences by using an IoT laboratory. For this purpose, a design science approach is applied. The result of this contribution is a didactic concept for the development of Industrial IoT competences in an IoT laboratory.
Die Vermessung der Arbeitswelt. Wearables und digitale Assistenzsysteme in Fertigung und Logistik
(Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, 2022) Krzywdzinski, Martin; Pfeiffer, Sabine; Evers, Maren; Gerber, Christine
Der intelligente Arbeitshandschuh oder die smarte Brille: Mit der Digitalisierung rückt datenaufzeichnende Hardware eng an den Körper der Beschäftigten. Bewegungen, Vitalzeichen und selbst Emotionen können damit sichtbar werden. Was viele privat gerne zur Kontrolle von sportlichen Aktivitäten oder dem Monitoring der Gesundheit nutzen, eröffnet am Arbeitsplatz eine neue Dimension der Kontrolle. Die Studie gibt Einblicke in betriebliche Anwendungsfälle und die Einschätzungen von Beschäftigten. Es zeigen sich widersprüchliche Erfahrungen und ein deutlicher Gestaltungsauftrag.
Digital transformation and value chains. Introduction
(2022) Butollo, Florian; Gereffi, Gary; Yang, Chun; Krzywdzinski, Martin
New digital technologies based on the internet of things and artificial intelligence play centre stage in contemporary discussions about the prospects for economic development and the future of work. This article summarizes theoretical and empirical contributions on how these technologies affect global value chains (GVCs). We argue that the leading paradigms that analyse global production – the GVC framework and the related global production networks (GPNs) approach – are in need of some ‘technological uprading’ themselves. The GVC/GPN approaches acknowledge that technology is constitutive for the emergence of geographically fragmented production, but rarely address directly how technological change affects interfirm relations. The authors provide a framework that acknowledges the key role of technology while situating digital tools and systems in their social embeddedness, that is the role of human agency and institutions in shaping their development and impact. A research agenda is outlined focusing on three topics: the varieties of digitalization approaches in different world regions, the role of data as a specific form of intangible resource and the role of platform business models for industrial ecosystems. These topics are addressed in the special issue of Global Networks on ‘Digitalization and Value Chains’ introduced by this contribution.
Digitalization and change in the global division of labor. Industrial work in transition
(2021) Krzywdzinski, Martin
The contribution discusses the impact of digitalization approaches in industrial companies and their implications for the global division of labour and work. It proceeds by investigating the scope and character of automation and its impact on the relationship between production locations in high and low wage countries. Contrary to expectations frequently voiced in public discourse the author does not identify a major push in automation in manufacturing industries (that would make a reshoring of production viable), because digitalization strategies rather concern new paths of flexibilization than automation. The effects on the geographies of production of technological change, however, result in new strategies of specialization and modifications of industrial governance, namely a refined division of labour between innovation-intensive production sites and their counterparts in the periphery. (The contribution is submitted in German language)
Digitalization and the geographies of production. Towards reshoring or global fragmentation?
(2021) Butollo, Florian
The relationship between digitalization and the governance and geographies of global value chains has not been explored systematically. This contribution discusses how digitalization affects the variables that determine the localization of manufacturing, i.e. the substitution of work through automation, the deepening of the customer–producer relationship, the rationalization of distribution through digitalized logistics networks, and the increased modularization of supply chains through standardization and ‘platformisation’. The results of the theoretical exploration defy expectations of a straightforward ‘reshoring’ of production through the combined effects of automation and benefits through a co-localization of companies within their target markets. Tendencies that would support a stronger integration of production in advanced economies are instead being undercut by ongoing countertrends towards fragmentation. The contradictory tendencies of a geographical integration of manufacturing and target markets on the one hand and geographical fragmentation through sophisticated supply-chain organization on the other will affect the technologically facilitated processes of value chain restructuring in a sector-specific manner.
Does Passive Social Media Use Harm Well-Being? An Adversarial Review
(2022) Meier, Adrian; Krause, Hannes-Vincent
Research into the effects of social media on well-being often distinguishes “active” and “passive” use, with passive use supposedly more harmful to well-being (i.e., the passive use hypothesis). Recently, several studies and reviews have begun to question this hypothesis and its conceptual basis, the active/passive dichotomy. As this dichotomy has become a staple of social media research but evidence challenging its validity is mounting, a comprehensive debate on its pros, cons, and potential future is needed. This adversarial review brings together two voices – one more supportive, and the other more critical – toward the active/passive model. In constructive dialogue, we summarize and contrast our two opposing positions: The first position argues that the active/passive dichotomy is a useful framework because it adequately describes how and why passive use is (more) harmful for well-being. The second position challenges the validity of the dichotomy and the passive use hypothesis specifically. Arguments are presented alongside (a) the empirical basis, (b) conceptualization, and (c) operationalization of active and passive use, with particular focus on the passive use hypothesis. Rather than offering a conciliatory summary of the status quo, the goal of this review is to carve out key points of friction in the literature on the effects of social media through fruitful debate. We summarize our main agreements and unresolved disagreements on the merits and shortcomings of the active/passive dichotomy. In doing so, this review paves the way for researchers to decide whether and how they want to continue applying this lens in their future work.
Drivers of training participation in low skilled jobs. The role of ‘voice’, technology, innovation and labor shortages in German companies
(2020) Wotschack, Philip
This article investigates the role of ‘voice’, technology, innovation (of products, services, or processes) and labor shortages in the training participation of low skilled workers in German companies. By building on the key findings of previous research, hypotheses on drivers of training participation are derived from filter theory and the concept of social embeddedness. Regression and cluster analysis based on the German IAB Establishment Panel (wave 2011) show evidence that training participation is shaped by ‘voice’-related institutional company characteristics such as employee representation or formalized HR practices. Both characteristics often cluster together. Regression analyses confirm that companies in this cluster train a higher share of their low-skilled workforce. The share is particularly high when companies in this cluster face labor shortages. Apart from that, advanced technology and recent innovations at the company level are not related to higher rates of training participation among low skilled workers.

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