Auflistung nach Forschungsbereichen "Verantwortung – Vertrauen – Governance"

Gerade angezeigt 1 - 20 von 50
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    A Digital Euro for the EU: A Comment on Potential Impacts
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2022) Florian, Martin; Pernice, Ingolf G.A.
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    Algorithmic Governance
    (2019) Katzenbach, Christian; Ulbricht, Lena
    Algorithmic governance as a key concept in controversies around the emerging digital society highlights the idea that digital technologies produce social ordering in a specific way. Starting with the origins of the concept, this paper portrays different perspectives and objects of inquiry where algorithmic governance has gained prominence ranging from the public sector to labour management and ordering digital communication. Recurrent controversies across all sectors such as datafication and surveillance, bias, agency and transparency indicate that the concept of algorithmic governance allows to bring objects of inquiry and research fields that had not been related before into a joint conversation. Short case studies on predictive policy and automated content moderation show that algorithmic governance is multiple, contingent and contested. It takes different forms in different contexts and jurisdictions, and it is shaped by interests, power, and resistance.
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    Algorithmic regulation. A maturing concept for investigating regulation of and through algorithms
    (2022) Ulbricht, Lena; Yeung, Karen
    This paper offers a critical synthesis of the articles in this Special Issue with a view to assessing the concept of “algorithmic regulation” as a mode of social coordination and control articulated by Yeung in 2017. We highlight significant changes in public debate about the role of algorithms in society occurring in the last five years. We also highlight prominent themes that emerge from the contributions, illuminating what is distinctive about the concept of algorithmic regulation, reflecting upon some of its strengths, limitations, and its relationship with the broader research field. In closing, we argue that the core concept is valuable and maturing. It has evolved into an analytical bridge that fosters cross-disciplinary development and analysis in ways that enrich its early “skeletal” form, thereby enabling careful and context-sensitive analysis of algorithmic regulation in concrete settings while facilitating critical reflection concerning the legitimacy of existing and proposed regulatory regimes.
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    Anonymität im Internet: Interdisziplinäre Rückschlüsse auf Freiheit und Verantwortung bei der Ausgestaltung von Kommunikationsräumen
    (Academia, 2021) Gräfe, Hans-Christian; Hamm, Andrea; Berger, Franz X.; Deremetz, Anne; Hennig, Martin; Michell, Alix
    „Die anonyme Nutzung ist dem Internet immanent.“ So lautet eine unter Juristinnen bekannte und weit verbreitete Behauptung, die sich hinterfragen lassen muss. Die Wirklichkeit im Internet zeigt ein hinreichend anderes Bild. Unternehmen, die hinter den Kulissen immense Umsätze mit personalisierter Werbung erwirtschaften, registrieren nicht nur die Webseiten, die wir besuchen, sondern erfassen als Metadaten auch jede unserer Mausbewegungen, jeden Tastendruck und jede Änderung der Scrollposition. Anhand ihrer individuellen Verhaltensmuster können Internetnutzende nicht nur identifiziert, sondern auch Aussagen über ihre Gewohnheiten und politischen Überzeugungen, ihre gesundheitliche und finanzielle Situation, ihre Persönlichkeit und vieles mehr getroffen werden.
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    Bias in data‐driven artificial intelligence systems—An introductory survey
    (2020) Ntoutsi, Eirini; Fafalios, Pavlos; Gadiraju, Ujwal; Iosifidis, Vasileios; Nejdl, Wolfgang; Vidal, Maria‐Esther; Ruggieri, Salvatore; Turini, Franco; Papadopoulos, Symeon; Krasanakis, Emmanouil; Kompatsiaris, Ioannis; Kinder‐Kurlanda, Katharina; Wagner, Claudia; Karimi, Fariba; Fernandez, Miriam; Alani, Harith; Berendt, Bettina; Kruegel, Tina; Heinze, Christian; Broelemann, Klaus; Kasneci, Gjergji; Tiropanis, Thanassis; Staab, Steffen
    Artificial Intelligence (AI)‐based systems are widely employed nowadays to make decisions that have far‐reaching impact on individuals and society. Their decisions might affect everyone, everywhere, and anytime, entailing concerns about potential human rights issues. Therefore, it is necessary to move beyond traditional AI algorithms optimized for predictive performance and embed ethical and legal principles in their design, training, and deployment to ensure social good while still benefiting from the huge potential of the AI technology. The goal of this survey is to provide a broad multidisciplinary overview of the area of bias in AI systems, focusing on technical challenges and solutions as well as to suggest new research directions towards approaches well‐grounded in a legal frame. In this survey, we focus on data‐driven AI, as a large part of AI is powered nowadays by (big) data and powerful machine learning algorithms. If otherwise not specified, we use the general term bias to describe problems related to the gathering or processing of data that might result in prejudiced decisions on the bases of demographic features such as race, sex, and so forth.
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    Big Data und Governance im digitalen Zeitalter
    (transcript, 2019) Ulbricht, Lena; Hofmann, Jeanette; Kersting, Norbert; Ritzi, Claudia; Schünemann, Wolf
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    Das Verfahren geht weit über „die App“ hinaus – Datenschutzfragen von Corona-Tracing-Apps. Einführung in Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzungen als Mittel, gesellschaftliche Implikationen zu diskutieren
    (2020) Bock, Kirsten; Kühne, Christian Ricardo; Mühlhoff, Rainer; Ost, Měto R.; Pohle, Jörg; Rehak, Rainer
    Seit der Ausbreitung des SARS-CoV-2-Virus in Europa Anfang 2020 wir dan technischen Lösungen zur Eindämmung der Pandemie gearbeitet. Unter den verschiedenen Systementwürfen stechen jene hervor, die damit werben, datenschutzfreundlich und DSGVO-konform zu sein. Die DSGVO selbst verpflichtet die Betreiberïnnen umfangreicher Datenverarbeitungssysteme wie etwa Tracing-Apps zur Anfertigung einer Datenschutz-Folgenabschätzung (DSFA) aufgrund des hohen Risikos für die Rechte- und Freiheiten (Art. 35 DSGVO). Hierbei handelt es sich um eine strukturierte Risikoanalyse, die mögliche grundrechtsrelevante Folgen einer Datenverarbeitung im Vorfeld identifiziert und bewertet. Wir zeigen in unserer DSFA, dass auch die aktuelle, dezentrale Implementierung der Corona-Warn-App zahlreiche gravierende Schwachstellen und Risiken birgt. Auf der rechtlichen Seite haben wir die Legitimationsgrundlage einer freiwilligen Einwilligung untersucht und formulieren die begründete Forderung, dass der Einsatz einer Tracing-App gesetzlich geregelt werden muss. Weiterhin wurden Maßnahmen zur Verwirklichung von Betroffenenrechten nicht ausreichend betrachtet. Nicht zuletzt ist die Behauptung, ein Datum sei anonym, hoch voraussetzungsreich. Anonymisierung muss als ein kontinuierlicher Vorgang begriffen werden, der eine Abtrennung des Personenbezugs zum Ziel hat und auf dem Zusammenspiel von rechtlichen, organisatorischen und technischen Maßnahmen beruht. Der derzeit vorliegenden Corona-Warn-App fehlt es an einem solchen expliziten Trennungsvorgang. Unsere DSFA zeigt dabei auch die wesentlichen Defizite der offiziellen DSFA der Corona-Warn-App auf.
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    Data Governance Act Proposal
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2021) Neuberger, Christoph; Friesike, Sascha; Krzywdzinski, Martin; Eiermann, Karin-Irene; Stocker, Volker; Schawe, Nadine; Efroni, Zohar; von Hagen, Prisca; Völzmann, Lisa; Müller, Ferdinand
    This Position Paper contains statements drafted by several Research Groups at the Weizenbaum Institute concerning the Data Governance Act (DGA) Proposal. Each statement is followed by a short explanation. The purpose of this Paper is to highlight a number of important aspects of the DGA Proposal and stimulate the debate around it with a special emphasis on the part that concerns regulation of data sharing services (Chapter III, DGA Proposal). The Paper touches upon a number of selected matters without the ambition to cover all the important issues the DGA legislation raises. The statements address the potential risks in creating a centralized architecture for data intermediaries, the problem of imposing a duty on data sharing services to offer data on a non-discriminatory basis, the role and expertise supervision authorities will need to assume and exercise and questions regarding the interface between the anticipated DGA and existing data protection law in the EU. The Paper includes a number of specific recommendations regarding the formulation of several DGA provisions, specifically in connection with its intersection points with the GDPR.
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    Data Governance and Sovereignty in Urban Data Spaces Based on Standardized ICT Reference Architectures
    (2019) Cuno, Silke; Bruns, Lina; Tcholtchev, Nikolay; Lämmel, Philipp; Schieferdecker, Ina
    European cities and communities (and beyond) require a structured overview and a set of tools as to achieve a sustainable transformation towards smarter cities/municipalities, thereby leveraging on the enormous potential of the emerging data driven economy. This paper presents the results of a recent study that was conducted with a number of German municipalities/cities. Based on the obtained and briefly presented recommendations emerging from the study, the authors propose the concept of an Urban Data Space (UDS), which facilitates an eco-system for data exchange and added value creation thereby utilizing the various types of data within a smart city/municipality. Looking at an Urban Data Space from within a German context and considering the current situation and developments in German municipalities, this paper proposes a reasonable classification of urban data that allows the relation of various data types to legal aspects, and to conduct solid considerations regarding technical implementation designs and decisions. Furthermore, the Urban Data Space is described/analyzed in detail, and relevant stakeholders are identified, as well as corresponding technical artifacts are introduced. The authors propose to setup Urban Data Spaces based on emerging standards from the area of ICT reference architectures for Smart Cities, such as DIN SPEC 91357 “Open Urban Platform” and EIP SCC. In the course of this, the paper walks the reader through the construction of a UDS based on the above-mentioned architectures and outlines all the goals, recommendations and potentials, which an Urban Data Space can reveal to a municipality/city. Finally, we aim at deriving the proposed concepts in a way that they have the potential to be part of the required set of tools towards the sustainable transformation of German and European cities in the direction of smarter urban environments, based on utilizing the hidden potential of digitalization and efficient interoperable data exchange.
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    (De)constructing ethics for autonomous cars: A case study of Ethics Pen-Testing towards “AI for the Common Good”
    (2020) Berendt, Bettina
    Recently, many AI researchers and practitioners have embarked on research visions that involve doing AI for “Good”. This is part of a general drive towards infusing AI research and practice with ethical thinking. One frequent theme in current ethical guidelines is the requirement that AI be good for all, or: contribute to the Common Good. But what is the Common Good, and is it enough to want to be good? Via four lead questions, the concept of Ethics Pen-Testing (EPT) identifies challenges and pitfalls when determining, from an AI point of view, what the Common Good is and how it can be enhanced by AI. The current paper reports on a first evaluation of EPT. EPT is applicable to various artefacts that have ethical impact, including designs for or implementations of specific AI technology, and requirements engineering methods for eliciting which ethical settings to build into AI. The current study focused on the latter type of artefact. In four independent sessions, participants with close but varying involvements in “AI and ethics” were asked to deconstruct a method that has been proposed for eliciting ethical values and choices in autonomous car technology, an online experiment modelled on the Trolley Problem. The results suggest that EPT is well-suited to this task: the remarks made by participants lent themselves well to being structured by the four lead questions of EPT, in particular, regarding the question what the problem is and about which stakeholders define it. As part of the problem definition, the need became apparent for thorough technical domain knowledge in discussions of AI and ethics. Thus, participants questioned the framing and the presuppositions inherent in the experiment and the discourse on autonomous cars that underlies the experiment. They transitioned from discussing a specific AI artefact to discussing its role in wider socio-technical systems. Results also illustrate to what extent and how the requirements engineering method forces us to not only have a discussion about which values to “build into” AI systems, the substantive building blocks of the Common Good, but also about how we want to have this discussion at all. Thus, it forces us to become explicit about how we conceive of democracy and the constitutional state and the procedural building blocks of the Common Good.
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    Die Regulierung Künstlicher Intelligenz - Neuer Rechtsrahmen für Algorithmische Entscheidungssysteme?
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2020) Müller, Ferdinand; Schüßler, Martin; Kirchner, Elsa
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    Digital democracy
    (2021) Berg, Sebastian; Hofmann, Jeanette
    For contemporary societies, digital democracy provides a key concept that denotes, in our understanding, the relationship between collective self-government and mediating digital infrastructures. New forms of digital engagement that go hand in hand with organisational reforms are re-intermediating established democratic settings in open-ended ways that defy linear narratives of demise or renewal. As a first approach, we trace the history of digital democracy against the background of its specific media constellations, describing continuities and discontinuities in the interplay of technological change and aspirations for democratisation. Thereafter, we critically review theoretical premises concerning the role of technology and how they vary in the way the concept of digital democracy is deployed. In four domains, we show the contingent political conditions under which the relationship between forms of democratic selfdetermination and its mediating digital infrastructures evolve. One lesson to learn from these four domains is that democratic self-governance is a profoundly mediated project whose institutions and practices are constantly in flux.
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    Do open data impact citizens’ behavior? Assessing face mask panic buying behaviors during the Covid-19 pandemic
    (2022) Shibuya, Yuya; Lai, Chun-Ming; Hamm, Andrea; Takagi, Soichiro; Sekimoto, Yoshihide
    Data are essential for digital solutions and supporting citizens’ everyday behavior. Open data initiatives have expanded worldwide in the last decades, yet investigating the actual usage of open data and evaluating their impacts are insufficient. Thus, in this paper, we examine an exemplary use case of open data during the early stage of the Covid-19 pandemic and assess its impacts on citizens. Based on quasi-experimental methods, the study found that publishing local stores’ real-time face mask stock levels as open data may have influenced people’s purchase behaviors. Results indicate a reduced panic buying behavior as a consequence of the openly accessible information in the form of an online mask map. Furthermore, the results also suggested that such open-data-based countermeasures did not equally impact every citizen and rather varied among socioeconomic conditions, in particular the education level.
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    Documenting Computer Vision Datasets: An Invitation to Reflexive Data Practices
    (2021) Miceli, Milagros; Yang, Tianling; Naudts, Laurens; Schüßler, Martin; Serbanescu, Diana; Hanna, Alex
    In industrial computer vision, discretionary decisions surrounding the production of image training data remain widely undocumented. Recent research taking issue with such opacity has proposed standardized processes for dataset documentation. In this paper, we expand this space of inquiry through fieldwork at two data processing companies and thirty interviews with data workers and computer vision practitioners. We identify four key issues that hinder the documentation of image datasets and the effective retrieval of production contexts. Finally, we propose reflexivity, understood as a collective consideration of social and intellectual factors that lead to praxis, as a necessary precondition for documentation. Reflexive documentation can help to expose the contexts, relations, routines, and power structures that shape data.
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    Editorial: Volume 1, Issue 1
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2021) Emmer, Martin; Krasnova, Hanna; Krzywdzinski, Martin; Metzger, Axel; Schimmler, Sonja; Ulbricht, Lena; Neuberger, Christoph
    The Weizenbaum Journal of the Digital Society is an open access journal and could not function any other way, because we see digitalization as a process that changes traditional forms of communication and cooperation, which raises the questions of control of data, information and knowledge anew. We look forward to contributions about the conditions, forms and consequences of the digitalization of society and its sub-sectors such as politics, business, science, labor, the public, civil society, law and culture. The digitalization of society has many facets: the disruptive transformation of the world of work, radical changes in the economic and innovation systems, new forms of learning and the restructuring of educational systems, the transformation of public space through digital media and platforms, changes in the way democracies function, massive challenges for the legal system and the planning and design of technical infrastructures. In light of these developments, the question arises as to how social actors can shape the digital transformation while safeguarding the foundations for individual and societal self-determination.
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    Einführung in das Technikrecht
    (2021) Zech, Herbert
    Das Buch will eine Einführung in das faszinierende Rechtsgebiet des Technikrechts geben. Es definiert Technikrecht als techniksteuerndes Recht, umreißt die Ziele des Technikrechts anhand der Chancen und Risiken von Technologien und skizziert die rechtlichen Mittel, mit denen diese verfolgt werden. Als besondere Herausforderungen werden die Dynamik der Technik und die damit verbundene Ungewissheit über die Chancen und Risiken neuartiger Technologien herausgearbeitet. Geordnet nach den Zielen werden die verschiedenen umfassten Rechtsgebiete überblicksartig dargestellt, um schließlich die Frage zu stellen, ob das Technikrecht als ein eigenständiges Rechtsgebiet aufgefasst werden kann.
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    Extending the framework of algorithmic regulation. The Uber case
    (2022) Eyert, Florian; Irgmaier, Florian; Ulbricht, Lena
    In this article, we take forward recent initiatives to assess regulation based on contemporary computer technologies such as big data and artificial intelligence. In order to characterize current phenomena of regulation in the digital age, we build on Karen Yeung’s concept of “algorithmic regulation,” extending it by building bridges to the fields of quantification, classification, and evaluation research, as well as to science and technology studies. This allows us to develop a more fine-grained conceptual framework that analyzes the three components of algorithmic regulation as representation, direction, and intervention and proposes subdimensions for each. Based on a case study of the algorithmic regulation of Uber drivers, we show the usefulness of the framework for assessing regulation in the digital age and as a starting point for critique and alternative models of algorithmic regulation.
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    Federated Blockchain Systems: A better trade-off between sustainability and decentralization?
    (Weizenbaum Institute, 2022) Florian, Martin
    Blockchain-based systems are enjoying unbroken popularity. Different economic and social actors are investigating their application for fostering decentralization and separation of power. Whether a blockchain-based system can live up to such goals is heavily determined by the choice of a consensus protocol – the rules by which participants agree on what gets added to the blockchain. Bitcoin’s consensus protocol is inherently decentralization-enabling, at a notoriously high ecological cost. So-called permissioned protocols, while incomparably more efficient, are dismissed as being closed-off and "centralized". Federated blockchain systems represent a middle ground between these two extremes and promise to offer openness and security without sacrificing ecological sustainability. As a rough approximation, their approach can be described as bootstrapping consensus from a web of trust. In this overview article, after a short review of the Bitcoin approach and possible alternatives to it, we introduce the ideas behind federated blockchain systems and discuss their impact on future blockchain systems.
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    From Data to Discourse. How Communicating Civic Data Can Provide a Participatory Structure for Sustainable Cities and Communities
    (Mid Sweden University, 2021) Shibuya, Yuya; Hamm, Andrea; Raetzsch, Christoph
    This study explores how Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) have leveraged civic data to facilitate democratic participatory structure for sustainability transitions around the case of bicycle counters in three US cities over a ten-year period (Seattle, San Francisco, Portland). We identified that CSOs have played crucial roles in public discourse by (1) sustaining long-term public issues through shaping affective as well as analytical discourses and (2) fostering citizens’ sense of ownership and contributions toward sensor devices and the data they generate by contextualizing them through local civic life as well as connecting issues to actors in other cities.